读纳兰词札记

纳兰词《采桑子》中,"谢家"指所爱子。"十-年"如果从卢氏死算起已是１６８８年,此时纳兰已死三年了,所以不可能是悼亡之作。中国文字有多义性特点,分析词句含义时应把它放在全篇主旨的大背景中去讲折。如《浪淘沙》中的紫玉是指饰物金钗,不是指吴王夫差女儿紫玉。《梦江南》中的"心字"指心,而不是指心字香。抓住了全篇主旨就可以避免穿凿附会。     

MEASURING SUBSKILLS OF READING: INTERCORRELATIONS BETWEEN STANDARDIZED READING TESTS, TEACHERS' RATINGS, AND READING SPECIALISTS' RATINGS

The study examined the convergent and discriminant validity of three methods for assessing three subskills of reading: word analysis, vocabulary, and comprehension. These three subskills were measured by teachers' ratings, specialists' ratings, and standardized tests. Correlations of all three skills, each measured by the three different methods, were studied by the multi-trait-multimethod procedure. Although there was some support for convergent validity, the study revealed a total lack of discriminant validity for any of the three subskills of reading.     

大学英语阅读课程教学改革中的阅读教学模式探究

本文介绍了阅读教学在大学英语教学中的重要性。文章着重探讨了在大学英语阅读课程教学改革中的四大阅读教学模式,即"先前标准练习"﹑"自下而上"﹑"自上而下"和"自下而上"与"自上而下"相结合的阅读教学模式。在大学英语教学中,要合理的使用这些阅读教学模式,可以达到预期的阅读效果。     

青少年阅读习惯调查分析

以青少年为研究对象,采用自编问卷的方法了解当代青少年阅读习惯的现状。调查结果发现,青少年没有能够很好地掌握和应用阅读习惯。在阅读思考、记忆联想、工具书使用、圈点批划等习惯上存在不足,甚至还存在一些不良的阅读习惯,如躺在床上读书等。青少年在阅读习惯上的这些不足不利于阅读能力的提高、知识的获取。对青少年阅读习惯进行差异比较发现,不同性别、不同地区、不同文化程度以及不同年级的青少年之间存在显著差异。针对调查结果,我们为青少年良好阅读习惯的培养提出建议。     

THE BEGINNING AND END OF YOUTH IN ROMAN ANTIQUITY 1

Scholars like J.H. Van den Berg and P. Ariès ^{2 2}J.H. Van den Berg, Metabletica of leer der veranderingen (Nijkerk, 1956); P. Aries, L'enfant et la vie familiale sous I'ancien régime (Paris, 1960). — not professional historians by origin — introduced a dramatic innovation in historical approaches. Influenced by their pioneering research on children in the past, many modern psychologists, sociologists or historians don't consider childhood (or youth, old age, maternal love...) as a natural, universal, ageless and self‐evident “phenomenon “ anymore. For F. Musgrove, for example, the concept of youth as a separate age of man is fairly recent. This sociologist expresses his opinion in a radical way: “The adolescent as a distinct species is the creation of modern social attitudes and institutions. A creature neither child nor adult, he is a comparatively recent socio‐psycho/ogi‐cal invention, scarcely two centuries old. [...] The adolescent was invented at the same time as the steam engine. The principal architect of the latter was Watt in 1765, of the former Rousseau in 1762”. ^{3 3}F. Musgrove, Youth and the Social Order (London, 1968²) 13 ff. ("Making adolescents") and 33 ff. ("The invention of the adolescent").

Such statements are a simplification of historical reality. The view of A. Kriekemans is more balanced: depending on the cultural environment, the term “youth “ may cover a different period of life and may be more or less complicated, involving varying levels of conflict, having its own identity, its own way of living, its own status, and its own expectations. ^{4 4}A. Kriekemans, Geschiedenis van de jeugdpsychologie (Tielt‐Den Haag, 1967) p. 298. Let us apply these. words to Roman antiquity and examine the place of youth in the human life span as well as the circumstances which made possible its existence as a separate entity. Before starting the exposition itself, it should be noted that we are dealing with upper‐class youth (we know a/most nothing about youth in the lower classes) and with the young man (girls mostly married between the ages of 12 and 15 and there was no real interval between childhood and adulthood).

     

READING

(A) A mother fly(苍蝇) had a travel with her children. They flew from one shop to another and they flew from one restaurant to another. They had much nice food and drink. They were very happy.     

A CASE STUDY OF ELEMENTARY BEGINNING MATHEMATICS TEACHERS’ EFFICACY DEVELOPMENT

The main purpose of this research was to explore the developmental process of and possible changes in beginning elementary mathematics teachers’ efficacy. Beginning teachers with and without mathematics and science backgrounds were also compared to explore differences in their efficacy development. A multiple-case study method with a process and recursive design was employed in this study. The participants were six beginning elementary mathematics teachers purposefully selected from Taichung, Taiwan. Data were collected through interviews, recordings, observations, and reflection notes and then analyzed by immersion and editing analytic techniques. Based on the data analysis, a five-gradation developmental model and its characteristics of elementary beginning mathematics teacher efficacy was developed and proposed. The findings demonstrated the developmental process of this five-gradation model and its continuity and cyclical nature. Moreover, beginning mathematics teachers, who were at the same efficacy levels, tended to exhibit substantial similarities but slight differences in their developmental processes. This study also verified that the construct of internal and external factors played a significant role in cyclically contributing to continuous efficacy development. The implications of beginning mathematics teachers’ efficacy and their professional development that derived from the findings and discussions were proposed, as well as a recommendation for further exploration on their efficacy development.     

READING ATTAINMENT IN THE PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF BRIGHTON

Children who are ‘at risk’ of educational handicap, or who are likely to show a poor response to the experience of school require special help and care at the earliest opportunity. In order that the educational system can respond positively to the needs of such children, their early identification is a matter of priority. This may be achieved provided ‘risk’ factors in the child's environment have been established through experiment and that their effects, both singly and in combination, on various educational progress measures have been investigated. The present paper discusses the complex relationships observed between a wide range of conditions, personal and environmental, associated with a large group of children at school entry, and the subsequent educational development of these children three years later on. The analysis locates sub‐groups of children who have made a poor response to school and identifies them using different combinations of school entry factors. The analysis also defines a group of children who are on the whole somewhat above average in ability and attainment, but who nevertheless show a deterioration in their school work owing to emotional or social problems. The implication of these findings for the educational system is briefly discussed.     

图式理论与大学英语泛读教学

图式理论是一种重要的现代外语阅读理论。本文从大学英语泛读课的特点及其对学生阅读能力提高的重要性入手,分析图式理论与阅读理解的关系以及泛读教学与图式理论的相适应性,说明了图式理论在泛读教学中亦能发挥巨大作用。