Export Controls and the Tensions Between Academic Freedom and National Security

In the U.S.A., advocates of academic freedom—the ability to pursue research unencumbered by government controls—have long found sparring partners in government officials who regulate technology trade. From concern over classified research in the 1950s, to the expansion of export controls to cover trade in information in the 1970s, to current debates over emerging technologies and global innovation, the academic community and the government have each sought opportunities to demarcate the sphere of their respective authority and autonomy and assert themselves in that sphere. In this paper, we explore these opportunities, showing how the Social Contract for Science set the terms for the debate, and how the controversy turned to the proper interpretation of this compact. In particular, we analyze how the 1985 presidential directive excluding fundamental research from export controls created a boundary object that successfully demarcated science and the state, but only for a Cold War world that would soon come to an end. Significant changes have occurred since then in the governance structures of science and in the technical and political environment within which both universities and the state sit. Even though there have been significant and persistent calls for reassessing the Cold War demarcation, a new institutionalization of how to balance the concerns of national security and academic freedom is still only in its nascent stages. We explore the value of moving from a boundary object to a boundary organization, as represented in a proposed new governance body, the Science and Security Commission.     

The universities between their internal and external enemies: Thoughts on Professor Conrad Russell's Academic Freedom

Discussion

The universities between their internal and external enemies: Thoughts on Professor Conrad Russell's Academic Freedom     

洞头掠影

大约7000年前的一次大海侵,使洞头与大陆分离,变成星罗棋布的103个岛和295个礁.洞头,就成为了"百岛之县".灵秀的风光,使之与雁荡山、楠溪江构成了温州"山--江--海"旅游"金三角".……     

长春是神的

长春是我走进的第十三个省会城市。连我都奇怪,在走南闯北的旅程中,虽说东北去得不多,可也有几次去过哈尔滨、去过沈阳和大连,怎么就会没有到过长春。这次到了长春,遇到了来自哈尔滨和沈阳的作家朋友,才知道原来这两个城市离开长春都很近,通了高速公路,不过就是几个小时的路程。     

访浙偶感

2009年9月,我作为关西日中和平友好会访华团的一员,访问了浙江省。尽管我与中国的交往始于1991年初次访华之时,近20年的时光已经流走,但访问浙江省则还是首次。迄今为止的访华,多为友好交流和观光。此次则抱着明确的“商务访问”的目的,与15位企业界人士一起访浙。     

温哥华的美丽人文印象

惬意的自然环境在飞机尚未抵达温哥华之前,我已对温哥华有了一种莫名的期待。或许是因为看过一部电视剧《别了,温哥华》的缘由。抵达温哥华,大概是当地时间中午十二点多。我拖着行李箱从温哥华国际机场出来,迎面扑来一股清新的泥土香,我原本近乎混沌的头脑被唤醒了。     

印象新加坡

新加坡,人人都说那是个美丽的艺术之都,是个富饶安逸的地方,究竟是怎么个美、怎么个安逸法?这次我参加了北京旅行社的“新加坡一地自由行”,脚踏实地体验了一回。语言是基础,否则你连乞丐都没得做因为飞机晚点,我弄不清将什么时间抵达新加坡,于是一登机就冲那浓眉大眼的漂亮空姐问:请问几点到新加坡?空姐冲我只是笑而摇头,于是又问第二个,“不懂”!这一个用了两个平声“不懂”的,显然是生硬的华语。此时我猛然发现,这机组人员都不是中国人,我乘坐的是印尼航班,乘务员全是印尼人。我只好不再言语,扳着指头算从北京到新加坡约6小时,那么我应在…     

欧洲广场扫描

在欧洲的城市广场散步,总觉得有一 双居高临下的眼睛在盯着你,让人惶恐不 安。欧洲的广场大都是“上帝的广场”,它 们都围绕教堂而建,教堂是广场的主角, 上帝是教堂的主角。这样的广场自然都弥 漫着浓郁的宗教氛围,让人觉得上帝他就 在那高高的教堂尖顶之上审视着广场上的 每一     

苏门答腊的奇风异俗

印度尼西亚有1万多个岛屿,其中有人居住的大约160多个。苏门答腊岛是仅次于婆罗洲的印尼第二大岛,物产非常丰富。我在苏门答腊岛沿途所见的奇异风俗,充分显示了世界文化的多元。     

International Mobility and Social Capital in the Academic Field

Minerva - The relationship between the international mobility of academic researchers and social capital is complex. On the one hand, the literature suggests that social capital facilitates the...     

风情万种的老挝女孩

我是从越南去老挝的,办理老挝方面的入境手续,原来和买张公交IC卡一样简单!特别是在你已经办好签证的情况下。你甚至不用担心语言问题,老挝方面的边防人员会说中文,虽然只是“简单的”。     

我与钱钟书的交往

《文化交流》杂志社总编约我写点与晚年钱钟书交往的故事,正好我为上海文艺出版社写了一本《我认识的钱钟书》,现根据书中有关章节内容加以梳理,形成了这篇文章,期望它有助于读者对一代大师钱钟书晚年生活和文品、人品有些亲近而具体的了解。     

最新国家南苏丹印象

在苏丹南部的重镇朱巴,从7月10日开始,它便成了全世界瞩目的地方一地球上最新国度南苏丹共和国的首都。在南苏丹已经看不到阿拉伯人的面孔,他们与非洲其他国家的人民一样,都是地道的黑人。苏丹南部本是苏丹最富庶地区,气候条件较好,石油等自然资源蕴藏丰富。     

The Prestige of Social Scientists in Spain and France: An Examination of Their h-Index Values Using Scopus and Google Scholar

We analyze the prestige of 1,500 scholars in economics, sociology, and management who have Spanish and French institutional affiliations operationalized by their h-index in Scopus and Google Scholar. We use a negative binomial count model to examine how some individual factors affect the h-index from both databases. The results show a non-monotonic relationship between the researchers’ career length and their h-index. There is a positive and statistically significant relationship between total research output and the h-index. The share of publications in English over total publications has also a positive and statistically significant effect on the h-index, except in a single case, while the share of publications in other foreign languages does not have such effect. Finally, we found that the effects of the number of citations received by documents in English (international impact) and by those in the vernacular language (local or regional impact) on the h-index vary according to the database, the country, and the discipline in question.

     

我所熟悉的诗人邵燕祥

我案头上放着著名诗人、作家、学者邵燕祥由花城出版社出版发行的《邵燕祥诗选》。这本诗选集,在全国新华书店及当当网、卓越网等网络销售火爆。当今已到耄耋之年的八旬老诗人邵燕祥,新诗和旧体诗综合,字字珠玑的、如此多的好诗、好作品汇集一起,确实十分珍贵!这部诗选集,收入了他从1988年到2010年这二十余年间的诗抄,分为上、下两编。上编是长诗和组诗;下编为杂诗。该诗集是按写作年月顺序排列的,读者可以追随岁月回眸历史,跟随邵燕祥的足