历史深处有回声(一):近代科技社团管理体制对当代的启示

作为民间科学组织,近代科技社团能在近代中国的困境中生存、发展,与科技社团管理体制有密不可分的关系。在外部管理体制上,政府对科技社团实行分类治理,彰显了科技社团在社团组织中的不同地位,促进了近代科技社团的发展。在内部管理体制中,近代科技社团在组织结构上建立了总会—分会的结构;在领导体制上实行决策权和执行权分离,并建立了科技社团内部的民主监督机制;在会员管理上则实行分类管理,并建立了赞助会员制度等。这些举措有效地保障了近代科技社团的独立性和民主性,促进了近代科技社团的发展,值得当代借鉴。     

历史深处有回声(三):近代科技社团与社会的互动对当代的启示

科学与社会环境之间表现出明显的互动关系,一方面科学的发展需要社会提供宽松适宜的生存环境,;另一方面也需要科学组织和科学家通过其活动和行为规范来影响科学的生存环境。在近代科技社团发展过程中,科技社团通过发挥其功能,为社会的科学化、民主化创造条件,从而也为自己的自组织演化创造着条件。近代科技社团与社会环境的互动中亦有很多值得当今科技社团借鉴之处。     

Enhancing team creative performance through social media and transactive memory system

Effective teamwork, knowledge coordination, and knowledge creation are recognized as essential sources of team effectiveness and creativity in modern organizations. Nowadays, social media is significantly modifying the patterns in the use of technology to support knowledge management practices in teams. At the same time, the literature shows that transactive memory system (TMS), which refers to how team members share their distributed knowledge and expertise, is an important factor affecting team performance. However, minimal effort has been made to elaborate on the precise role of social media in supporting TMS for enhancing absorptive capacity (ACAP) and knowledge creation capability (KCC) of the team, which in turn might influence team creative performance (TCP). Therefore, to address this gap in the literature, a theoretical model is developed and validated. Survey data collected from 334 members of 68 knowledge work teams indicated that social media use at work has a positive relationship with TMS and both social media use at work and TMS are positively related to ACAP and KCC of the team. Results further indicated that ACAP positively influenced KCC, and both have a direct relationship with TCP. This study shows that careful investment in social media by an organization can enhance meta-knowledge of “who knows what” within teams. Finally, exploring external knowledge alone is not enough. Instead, organizations must ensure external knowledge is utilized to create new knowledge to improve TCP.     

The Victorian Information Society: Surveillance, Bureaucracy, and Public Librarianship in 19th-Century Britain

Contrary to the "retro" image often awarded them, and despite their continuing enthusiasm and responsibility for the organization of printed materials, librarians are upbeat about the prospects of an information society driven primarily by electronic technologies, but in which libraries can play an important part. Public librarians detect a natural correlation between the historic democratic mission of their institution and the increased accessibility made possible by digitalized sources. The library community's acceptance of the information society idea as a "given" social phenomenon supports discourses that play down historical continuities and herald the dawn of a new age. Such discourses ignore or reject historical evidence that points to the existence of past information societies, revolutions, and infrastructures defined, in part, by the operation of indirect surveillance, constituted by the bureaucratic information systems of modernity. Victorian Britain serves as a good example of an early information society, to which public libraries, themselves micro-information societies, contributed significantly. The role played by public librarians in the Victorian information society, illustrated in this article by evidence drawn from the contemporary library press, is seen in their preoccupation with the surveillance and ordering of knowledge; their adoption for library operations of the businesslike, bureaucratic procedures described recently by business historians; and their panoptic tracking of users and their activities.     

信息系统开发团队知识整合的影响因素分析——基于相似吸引理论与社会融合的研究视角

知识整合能力是当代企业在激烈竞争环境中立足并保持竞争优势所必须拥有的重要能力。本研究关注于信息系统开发(ISD)项目中知识整合的影响因素。尽管目前大部分研究表明信息系统开发(ISD)项目团队的多样性可显著的降低知识资源风险,但成员组成的多样性也可能会导致冲突的产生并降低团队绩效。本研究认为有别于多样性,团队成员间的相似性也会影响成员的互动,它们是实现知识整合有效性的基础。本研究基于相似-吸引理论探讨相似和吸引对于知识整合的效应,本文提出影响ISD团队中知识整合的三个相似因素(人口统计学、认知和目标相似性)、并以社会融合作为中间变量连接相似吸引理论与知识整合,本研究采用74个ISD项目团队中的264个参与者的实地调研资料来进行实证检验,实证结果显示人口统计学相似性和目标相似性会影响成员间的人际吸引,激发成员间的社会融合并最终促进团队成员间的知识整合。研究结果表明ISD项目经理可通过关注团队成员的组成来有意识地提升团队的知识整合,因为相似性和吸引可潜在地影响ISD项目团队中的知识整合。     

历史深处有回声(二):近代科技社团运行机制对当代的启示

近代科技社团作为一种来自异质文化的社会组织,它的发展必须得到社会的认可,并且通过获得一定的社会地位和社会资源来发展。中国近代科技社团紧密依靠大学和科研机构办会,通过会员会费和捐赠来保持社团的独立运作,充分发挥会员的奉献精神,重视建立高水平的学术交流机制等经验值得当代科技社团学习借鉴。     

Turgorins—new chemical messengers for plant behaviour

It is a matter of common experience that certain plants react by movement—often surprisingly rapid—to physical stimuli. These movements are the result of turgor changes in the cells concerned and these are triggered by chemical messengers known as turgorins. This article reviews recent developments in this field and shows that these highly active plant hormones have relatively simple structures.     

Blind in the right eye? The practice of awarding honorary memberships by German and Austrian dental societies (1949–1993) to Nazi dentists: A study on the role of National Socialism in post-war dentistry

According to ongoing public discourse, the dental profession in Germany and Austria has found it rather difficult to come to terms with the National Socialist past. Against this background, this study focuses on the practice of awarding honorary memberships by German and Austrian dental societies in the years 1949–1993. In particular, it examines how previous memberships in the Nazi party or other Nazi organisations were handled. We identified a total of 86 honourees, 47 of whom (55 %) were members of the NSDAP during the Third Reich, whereas only two were of Jewish origin. This leads to two conclusions: (1) Previous involvement with Nazi organisations was obviously not a limiting factor in the selection of honourees, and (2) after 1945, the Jewish colleagues were marginalised for a second time—now by being largely overlooked. The reasons of both findings are analysed and contextualised.     

The Net as a Foraging Society: Flexible Communities

In discussions about electronic and virtual communities, community can variously refer to a moral community, a normative community, a community of practice, an intentional community, or a proximate community. The concept of 'community' is, itself, deemed unproblematic, and often is used in either a reductivist or ethnocentric manner. An exploration of nonindustrial foraging societies is used to illustrate the wide variation in types and definitions of communities that exists. Social groups in foraging societies exhibit characteristics similar to those observed in technologically mediated social groups, and these similarities illustrate the deficiencies of typological or ideal-type definitions of 'community,' as well as the artificial nature of a division between 'real' and 'electronic' communities. Groups that depend on computer-mediated communication among members can, and should, be examined using the same social science concepts and methods used to examine any other social groups.     

The “human side” of open innovation: The role of employee diversity in firm-level openness

The use of external knowledge for innovation (i.e., inbound or outside-in open innovation) has received substantial attention in the innovation literature. However, the “human side” of open innovation is still poorly understood. We consider the role of employee characteristics with respect to predicting firm-level openness. Drawing on the human capital, learning and creativity literatures, we theorize that knowledge diversity of the firm’s employees is positively associated with employees’ ability to identify and absorb external knowledge, which aggregates to increased firm-level openness—that is, firms’ use of external knowledge in their pursuit of innovation. Based on a combination of three data sources, namely, two survey data sources and register data, we find support for our hypothesis that employees’ educational diversity is positively associated with firm-level openness. However, we find no direct association between employees’ work history diversity and firm-level openness but rather—as also hypothesized—a conditional relationship based on educational background, which implies that diverse work history only has a positive impact at higher levels of educational diversity. To reduce endogeneity concerns, we undertake a series of robustness checks.     

现代生物技术的物种特性及演化路径研究

以生态遗传学成种理论和技术进化论为理论依据,研究现代生物技术的形成和进化路径,一方面可以为技术的形成和演变增加研究角度,另一方面,也可从影响物种形成的因素分析过程中探寻生物技术演化的内在机理,为促进现代生物技术研究和发展,培育现代生物技术产业提供指导和借鉴。类比物种形成和成种机理,研究了现代生物技术所具有的拓展、派生和驱动等物种特性,总结了现代生物技术的形成机理和四种典型演化路径(,i)选择——渐进性创新过程中的技术自我强化;(ii)重组——技术的嫁接或融合;(iii)突变——产生于突破性创新的间断性技术;(iv)迁徙——现有技术应用到新领域。     

约翰·雷《英语谚语集》展示的生活世界

在西方社会中,人们很早就认识到谚语的功能和意义,并有意识地收集谚语。然而随着近代理性主义的兴起,谚语传统一度受到忽视,不仅＂谚语＂（proverb）一词的语义缩减,谚语的语境范围也从广阔的生活世界退守至狭隘的文学与民俗学研究。近年来谚语研究出现新的进展,谚语中包含的博物学思想也逐渐受到重视。本文拟从英国博物学家约翰·雷编写的《英语谚语集》入手,在博物学语境下探讨谚语中展现的生活世界,剖析谚语与博物学的关系。     

浅谈家庭暴力、创伤和社会学习理论

家庭暴力是一个历史性的社会问题,它在现代社会中仍然存在。文章阐述了儿童如何学习家庭暴力并且把这些行为继续教给他们自己的后代,并就当代家庭中存在的这个严重问题探讨了对付它的实用技术。     

“现代信息人”的概念、标准及其修炼

本文分析提出了"现代信息人"的概念及其特征,明确了现代信息人"主动学习,善于交流;自我超越,健康向上;自主开放,融合共生;系统思维,切实行动;挑战极限,全面发展"的一般标准及其内涵,在此基础上,探讨了争做现代信息人必须"修炼志气、修炼大气、修炼正气、修炼朝气、修炼才气、修炼灵气"的实践路径和具体要求。     

Searching for innovation knowledge: insight into KIBS companies

The paper analyses the activity of research for “innovation knowledge”—here defined as knowledge that can lead to the introduction of service innovations—by Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS) companies. It proposes a classification of the possible search approaches adopted by those companies based on two dimensions: the pro-activity of search efforts and the source primarily used. Such classification is then discussed on the basis of the findings of a multiple case-study investigation involving 15 Italian and Polish KIBS companies. The study confirms that KIBS firms follow various approaches to acquire knowledge for innovation: some companies adopt a passive behaviour (i.e. innovative ideas come as a kind of side effect of their daily business activities), while others an active one (namely, they actively search for new ideas originating from various sources); some rely more on internal resources (employees, in-house R&D, internal documents, etc.), while others on external sources (clients, suppliers, service providers, universities, etc.). The results of the study have implications both for research and management that are discussed in the conclusions.     

弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫笔下莉莉·布里斯柯的中国意识

弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫在《到灯塔去》中塑造了一位带有＂中国式的小眼睛＂的人物莉莉·布里斯柯。透过这双＂中国眼睛＂探讨在伍尔夫笔下,中国形象的意识来源以及对其创作的影响,可以看出莉莉·布里斯柯的中国意识,来自于伍尔夫所生活的英国社会,反映了一个时代,个人与社会对中国文化的文化利用。     

现代仪器分析实验课程的教学改革与探索

随着科学技术的发展,分析测试技术已经发展成为一门独立的学科——分析化学。而仪器分析正是分析化学的重要组成部分。如何利用现代的先进仪器设备真正为培养创新型人才服务是目前现代仪器分析实验需要解决的问题。     

Sharing knowledge,being different and working as a team

Knowledge-intensive work in modern global organisations is largely organised in teams or groups. Most of this work can be classified as knowledge creation with outcomes such as plans, contracts, proposals and analyses. Cooperating for knowledge-intensive work is recognised as a social process in which identification and organisational climate play an important role. Yet despite the mutual interdependence of members, their relations in teams are not necessarily closely knitted. Teams in multinational companies consist of members with different national, ethnic, functional and educational backgrounds, who are often situated at different locations, using a combination of means to communicate. These are not the most favourable conditions for an open way of exchanging knowledge and insights. On the other side, diversity in expertise is supposed to be a necessary condition for knowledge creation. It offers the requisite variety that is needed to cope with complex problems and the cognitive distance that is supposed to stimulate organisational learning. It is expected that identification of team members with their group can counterbalance the negative effects of diversity, while it can enforce the positive effect of task interdependence. This research is directed to the relations between social identification, diversity, interdependence and knowledge sharing in corporate teams. Social identification is an important issue since it is known as a builder of extra role behaviour in organisations. Diversity and interdependence are team features that shape the identification with a team. Social identification is considered as an important mediator between these independent variables and knowledge sharing as a dependent variable. The research has been carried out in a large beverage company with plants and agencies all over the world. A questionnaire has been used with validated scales. The research data stem from a sample of 169 respondents from 30 teams. A strong relation between knowledge sharing and social identification was found, while diversity of teams plays an intriguing role in stimulating and inhibiting knowledge sharing between team members.     

Capitalist theory and socialist practice: The organization of Chinese mathematics in the early 1950s

This article explores how the Chinese state organized scientific research in the 1950s, through a case study of mathematics. By examining the organizing process of the Chinese Mathematical Society and the establishment of the Institute of Mathematics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the article explains how a number of state agents were selected to lead national level research institutes as a means for guiding scientists in serving the needs of the state. In addition, under state corporatism, all scientists were attached to discipline-specific academic societies, forming a large hierarchy consisting of societies at different levels. When the political leaders needed to transform the agendas of the scientists, these organizations served as channels for communicating to constituent members what to do. Given this kind of organizational structure in the early days of the People’s Republic of China, it was hard to differentiate between scientists and the organizational apparatus, especially for the scientists holding top-level leadership positions. Nevertheless, this study shows that individual researchers often resisted official mandates and found ways to pursue independent research interests by employing the state's rhetoric.     

学术性社团(学会)评估的功能研究

当前,国内对各种社会组织的评估正日益制度化、经常化。作为社会组织中最弱势的社团——学术性社团(学会),是否可以利用评估的功能来培育学会并推进它的建设和发展呢?本文试从学术性社团评估标准的制定、评估在学会管理和学会自身管理中的作用等方面做初步探索。