CH4 emission and recovery from Municipal Solid Waste in China

Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas and a major environmental pollutant, second only to carbon dioxide (CO2) in its contribution to potential global warming. In many cases, methane emission from landfills otherwise emitted to the atmosphere can be removed and utilized, or significantly reduced in quantity by using cost-effective management methods. The gas can also be used as a residential, commercial, or industrial fuel. Therefore, emission reduction strategies have the potential to become low cost, or even profitable. The annual growth rate of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) output in China is 6.24%, with the highest levels found in South China, Southwest China and East China. Cities and towns are developing quickly in these regions. MSW output was only 76.36 Mt in 1991 and increased to 109.82 Mt in 1997, registering an average increase of 43.8%. In China, methane emission from landfills also increased from 5.88 Mt in 1991 to 8.46 Mt in 1997; so the recovery of methane from landfills is a profitable project.     

CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> emission and recovery from Municipal Solid Waste in China

Methane (CH₄) is an important greenhouse gas and a major environmental pollutant, second only to carbon dioxide (CO₂) in its contribution to potential global warming. In many cases, methane emission from landfills otherwise emitted to the atmosphere can be removed and utilized, or significantly reduced in quantity by using cost-effective management methods. The gas can also be used as a residential, commercial, or industrial fuel. Therefore, emission reduction strategies have the potential to become low cost, or even profitable. The annual growth rate of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) output in China is 6.24%, with the highest levels found in South China, Southwest China and East China. Cities and towns are developing quickly in these regions. MSW output was only 76.36 Mt in 1991 and increased to 109.82 Mt in 1997, registering an average increase of 43.8%. In China, methane emission from landfills also increased from 5.88 Mt in 1991 to 8.46 Mt in 1997; so the recovery of methane from landfills is a profitable project. Project supported by the Germany Technological Cooperation Co. (GTZ)     

PCDD/FS emission in a 150T/D MSW and coal co-firing fluidized bed incinerator

Incineration as a method of reducing Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) volume and recovery of energy has been developed gradually in China. More attention is paid on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, (PCDD/Fs) formed in MSW incineration process. This paper presents results of the analysis of PCDD/Fs in the residues of a fluidized bed incinerator co-firing MSW and coal in the Yuhang Thermal Power Plant. The effects of operation conditions and the wet scrubber system on PCDD/Fs formation were also analyzed. PCDD/Fs emitting from the smoke stack was 0.92 I-TEQ ng/Nm³. After the wet scrubber emission of dioxins increased and the shifting of homologue profiles in flue gas was also observed, PCDFs were not detected in the incinerator residues. From this, we can see that in the MSW incineration process, the formation mechanism of PCDFs was different from that of PCDDs. The results will benefit further research on the optimal operation of incinerator and control of PCDD/Fs emission from the MSW incinerator. Project supported by the Special Funds for Major State Basic Research Projects 973. (G1999022211), and Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 59836210, No. N1986 2598780472).     

PCDD/FS EMISSION IN A 150T/D MSW AND COAL CO-FIRING FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATOR

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ :　ＩｎｃｉｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｓａｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｆｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇＭｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌＳｏｌｉｄＷａｓｔｅ (ＭＳＷ)ｖｏｌｕｍｅａｎｄｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｙｏｆｅｎｅｒ ｇｙｈａｓｂｅｅｎｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｇｒａｄｕａｌｌｙｉｎＣｈｉｎａ .Ｍｏｒｅａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｉｓｐａｉｄｏｎｐｏｌｙｃｈｌｏｒｉｎａｔｅｄｄｉｂｅｎｚｏ ｐ ｄｉｏｘｉｎｓａｎｄｐｏｌｙｃｈｌｏｒｉｎａｔｅｄｄｉｂｅｎｚｏｆｕｒａｎｓ (ＰＣＤＤ Ｆｓ)ｆｏｒｍｅｄｉｎＭＳＷｉｎｃｉｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ .Ｔｈｉｓｐ…     

大气甲烷的微生物产生与消耗

通过对土壤甲烷产生的微生物过程的分析,揭示了土壤中甲烷的产生主要是土壤有机质厌氧分解的末端产物,在有氧时,则易被甲烷氧化菌氧化成二氧化碳。阐述了土壤的甲烷主要来自于湿地、稻田和垃圾填埋场等,据估算其排放量占每年全球甲烷产生量的一半左右。在通气良好的土壤中,大气甲烷的氧化占全球甲烷吸收总量的10％左右。提出了土壤是大气甲烷的源还是汇,主要取决于土壤甲烷产生与甲烷氧化的活动的相对速率。     

Tea saponins affect in vitro fermentation and methanogenesis in faunated and defaunated rumen fluid

INTRODUCTION Livestock is one of the largest sources of meth-ane emission with 80~115 million tons produced peryear, equivalent to 15%~20% of total anthropogenicmethane (IPCC, 2001). The global cattle population isresponsible for 73% of methane emissions of alllivestock, and methane produced during ruminalfermentation represents a loss of 2%~15% of grossenergy intake and may contribute to global warming(Johnson and Johnson, 1995). Many researches hadbeen carried out to find ways to low…     

2000-2020年中国氮氧化物排放清单及排放趋势

研究目的：建立2000-2020年中国氮氧化物排放清单,了解中国主要行业和省份氮氧化物的排放情况,为评估氮氧化物的环境影响和制定相关减排政策提供依据。创新要点：分析了中国主要省份产业结构对氮氧化物排放量的影响;根据不同情景分析,预测2020年中国氮氧化物的排放量。研究方法：1．基于自底向上法,根据不同类型化石燃料的氮氧化物排放因子,结合化石燃料消耗量,建立中国2000-2010年氮氧化物排放清单;2．基于IPAT方程,并以中国2000--2010年的国内生产总值增长数据和氮氧化物排放量为依据,分三种情景,分析2011-2020年中国能源消耗和氮氧化物排放趋势。重要结论：2010年中国氮氧化物的排放量约是2000年的两倍：自2009年起,中国氮氧化物总排放量超过,二氧化硫总排放量;主要由于产业结构和地区生产总值的不同,中国东部和西部氮氧化物排放量有明显差异;制造业、电力行业和交通运输业是中国氮氧化物的主要排放源,其中交通运输业氮氧化物排放量呈现逐年增长趋势;预计2020年中国氮氧化物排放量为19．7Mt。     

Geotechnical behavior of the MSW in Tianziling landfill

The valley shaped Tianziling landfill of Hangzhou in China built in 1991 to dispose of municipal solid waste (MSW) was designed for a service life of 13 years. The problem of waste landfill slope stability and expansion must be considered from the geotechnical engineering point of view, for which purpose, it is necessary to understand the geotechnical properties of the MSW in the landfill, some of whose-physical properties were measured by common geotechnical tests, such as those on unit weight, water content, organic matter content, specific gravity, coefficient of permeability, compressibility, etc. The mechanical properties were studied by direct shear test, triaxial compression test, and static and dynamic penetration tests. Some strength parameters for engineering analysis were obtained. Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 59508012)     

Geotechnical behavior of the MSW in Tianziling landfill

INTRODUCTIONTheTianzilingwastelandfillbuiltin 1991toproperlydisposeofmunicipalsolidwaste(MSW)hasadesignedservicelifeof13years.Itwasfilledstagebystageatthebeginningoftheelevationof 50 .5m .Bynow ,thelandfillhasreachedthelevelof 10 2 .5m ,whichex ceedst…     

沼液在柑桔和蔬菜上的应用效果初探

沼液作为沼气的附产品,应用到农林作物上,有很明显的效果。初步试验表明:使用沼液可以明显提高椪柑的固形物含量和甘蓝的产量,从肥效上看,可以代替一部分化肥,降低生产成本,因此值得在柑桔和蔬菜上广泛应用。     

温室气体及其排放的研究

本文对主要的温室气体及其源、汇、环境效应、减排措施进行了研究。温室气体主要指CH4、CO2、N2O、CFCs等,其中CH4、N2O和CFCs不仅是温室气体,而且在平流层中会玻坏臭氧层。自工业革命以来,大气中温室气体排放源的增加及汇的降低导致了全球气候变暖,严重地威胁着人类赖以生存的环境——地球。     

1991- 2005 : FDI来源结构变化的实证分析

1991- 2005, 中国的FDI来源地结构变化如下: 港澳台FDI在90年代前半期大幅度上 升, 1997年开始减少; 港澳台FD I占中国的份额从1991年的67%下滑至2004年的37%。韩国东盟维尔京群岛的FDI迅速增长, 占中国的份额从1991年不到2% 上升到2004年37%。美日英法德意加等发达国家FDI的绝对量有所上升, 占中国的份额稳定在20%左右。其余140多个国家和地区的FD I占中国的份额稳定在10%强。今后一段时期内, 中国FD I的规模及来源结构可能趋于稳定。     

福州市的生活垃圾焚烧处理状况分析

根据福州市近年垃圾产量与成分,分析福州市生活垃圾焚烧可能出现的问题,提出应首先进行分类才能保证生活垃圾焚烧健康、稳定进行,建议采用分步走的方案。为了开展垃圾分类要教育、发动学生,媒体、各种环保组织和社区进行宣传发动和组织,政府建立相应的法规、政策以及采取相应的措施,实施垃圾分类和综合利用才能确保垃圾焚烧良性发展。     

网状本煤层钻孔瓦斯预抽放技术在屯兰矿的应用

通过分析屯兰矿井下瓦斯赋存的实际情况,在南四盘区12403工作面采用本煤层网状抽放钻孔布置,进行瓦斯预抽放,解决开采层瓦斯涌出．经实际应用,抽放效果较好,对治理采掘工作面瓦斯涌出具有推广价值．     

Biodegradability of leachates from Chinese and German municipal solid waste

The quantitative and qualitative composition of Chinese municipal solid waste （MSW） differs significantly from German waste. The focus of this paper is on whether these differences also lead to dissimilar qualities of leachates during storage or landfilling. Leachates ingredients determine the appropriate treatment technique. MSW compositions of the two cities Guilin （China） and Essen （Germany）, each with approx. 600000 inhabitants, are used to simulate Chinese and German MSW types. A sequencing batch reactor （SBR） is used, combining aerobic and anaerobic reaction principles, to test the biodegradability of leachates. Leachates are tested for temperature, pH-value, redox potentials, and oxygen concentration. Chemical oxygen demand （COD） values are determined. Within 8 h, the biodegradation rates for both kinds of leachates are more than 90%. Due to the high organic content of Chinese waste, the degradation rate for Guilin MSW leachate is even higher, up to 97%. The effluent from SBR technique is suitable for direct discharge into bodies of water.     

Interrogating the effect of decentralized biogas injection on a natural gas network

Biogas from renewable sources and natural gas (NG) are both high-efficient and good-quality gaseous fuels on account of their enrichment in methane. Due to the dissimilar physical properties of biogas and NG, biogas cannot substitute NG directly without treatment and is usually used on site due to the high cost of the transportation and distribution via exclusive pipeline system. Consequently, the injection of biogas into existing NG infrastructure was proposed to address the deficiency. In this paper, the Wobbe index (WI) as well as the combustion potential (CP) were introduced for analyzing the interchangeability of an NG-biogas mixture, and a mathematical framework was put forward for modeling and simulating NG grid with a decentralized biogas injection. Results show that the maximum admissible amount of biogas in mixture was 10.5 by volume. A medium pressure network was used to interrogate the comprehensive effect of distributed biogas injection, which showed an impact on both gas quality and hydraulic regime across the grid.     

以黄山命名和冠名的植物及分布(Ⅰ)

黄山的植物资源十分丰富。是华东地区最荟萃的地区。已知高等植物有222科，826属，1807种。本文记叙了以黄山命名和冠名的高等植物32种以及其在黄山的分布现状，这些植物要么是只产黄山，要么是模式标本采自黄山．要么是首次在黄山发现。     

垃圾监测实验的气相色谱方法研究

在我国卫生填埋仍是垃圾处理的主要方式,对填埋气中的甲烷及垃圾渗滤液中挥发性脂肪酸含量的监测是进行污染治理及资源化利用的前提。研究结果显示,用气相色谱法既可以对填埋气进行分析,也可以对渗滤液中挥发性脂肪酸进行监测,且监测方法简单方便、监测结果精确可靠。     

首次发现具一枚苞片的珙桐花序(英文)

首次在贵州梵净山国家级自然保护区和湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区发现具一枚苞片的珙桐花序.珙桐是仅孑遗于我国的著名园林观赏树种,它花序苞片的多样性有助于我们对其遗传多样性和其进化的理解.     

铁炉渣在稻田甲烷减排中的应用

为了阐明铁炉渣对稻田甲烷减排的有效性及机制,在介绍了铁炉渣甲烷减排技术的基础上,重点以福州平原稻田为研究区域,采用静态箱法对铁炉渣施加对稻田甲烷排放的影响进行了测定并分析了甲烷减排有效性。结果表明,铁炉渣可有效地减缓稻田甲烷排放,并随着铁炉渣施加浓度从2 mg/hm2增加到8 mg/hm2,其减排效率逐渐增强,特别是对甲烷排放峰值的减排效率最为明显;除了铁受体调节稻田甲烷减排外,pH的变化也在控制甲烷排放的效率上起着重要作用。研究成果可为铁炉渣抑制技术在稻田甲烷减排中的广泛应用提供实验和理论依据。