新《义务教育法》的突破与创新

有效解决我国义务教育改革发展面临的重大问题是修订1986年《义务教育法》的根本动因。新《义务教育法》在义务教育法的立法目的、义务教育的基本性质、经费投入、政府责任、学校安全、教育公平与均衡发展、教师队伍、法律责任等方面都有一些新的、重大的突破。这部《义务教育法》是我国义务教育立法和义务教育发展进程中的一个新的里程碑。     

我国农村义务教育财政政策公平性研究

教育财政政策的目标是保障教育公平.本文分析了我国传统义务教育财政政策的公平性缺失,并分析、肯定了新的义务教育财政政策在促进教育公平方面的努力.     

Doing the Work: A Portrait of an African American Mother as an Education Activist

In recent years, much research has documented the benefits of parent involvement and offered strategies on how educators can encourage parents’ participation in their children’s education. While the literature has brought much needed attention to school-family relationships, little is known about parents who are activists for educational improvement beyond their own children’s schooling and who concern themselves with district policymaking and governance. This article offers a portrait of one African American mother who is an education activist in Boston, Massachusetts. Drawing on social movement and Black feminist theories, the portrait documents how and why she has devoted her life to educational reform and equity with an emphasis on racial equality. The article concludes with a discussion of two possible factors that contribute to the making of an education activist: the development of a political racial identity and educators’ support for education activism.     

Educational Inequality in the Minority Regions of Present Day China and Suggestions for the Government Regarding the Education Policy

Based on the research of new educational inequality in the minority regions of present day China, this article points out the importance of educational equality principle in government’s decision making and suggests that it should give top priority to ethnic minorities when distributing education resources, to develop their compulsory education and broaden their opportunities to enter into postcompulsory education by the “differentiated but equal” principle. Perfect education policies and mechanism and lifelong education system are also pivotal for the attainment of the goal of educational equality. Translated from Journal of Research on Education for Ethnic Minorities, 2005:2     

国际社会促进教育公平的实践及其对我国的启示

国际社会对于教育公平的理解包括如下方面：强调儿童享有平等受教育权、关注缩小教育差距、倡导提供“有质量的全民教育”等,为此采取了借助立法与执法手段推进教育公平、完善公共教育资源的公正分配与高效管理机制等措施。我国可以借鉴他国经验,从确立以教育公平为教育持续发展的政策价值取向、充分保障义务教育经费投入、建构合理有效的学业评价体系等方面来推动教育公平事业的发展。     

Changing concepts of equity in transforming UK higher education: implications for future pedagogies and practices in global higher education

This paper is about changing concepts of equity in UK higher education. In particular, it charts the moves from concepts about gender equality as about women’s education as a key issue in twentieth century higher education to questions of men’s education in the twenty-first century. These changing concepts of equity are linked to wider social and economic transformations, the expansion of higher education and the growth in the knowledge economy, or what has been called ‘academic capitalism’. Feminist theorists and activists, often called second wave feminists, developed concepts of gender equality in education, including higher education in the twentieth century, and these have been incorporated into higher education and policies with the expansions of higher education, especially around notions of widening participation. Notions of widening participation in policy and practice arenas focus on equity as about social class, socio-economic disadvantage, ethnicity and race, rather than specifically on gender questions. Equity is now twinned with diversity and where gender is now invoked it is largely about young and working class men’s disadvantage in relation to higher education. In this paper, I will also provide research evidence from the UK’s Teaching and Learning Research Programme (TLRP) which has been the UK’s biggest ever initiative in education research about equity and diversity as currently conceived in UK higher education. I will show how gender has been incorporated with diversity questions and has lost its critical and feminist edge. I conclude with addressing questions about the future of higher education policies and practices to address questions of equity and diversity, attempting to counter the systemic inequalities in current forms of UK higher education. There are opportunities for developing new, critical and feminist pedagogies. More inclusive or ‘connectionist’ approaches, rather than ‘teaching to the test’, would engage socially diverse men and women students in a range of higher education subjects and settings.     

基于公平维度的农村义务教育制度考察

文章首先阐述了伦理学、经济学、教育学、法学等领域关于教育公平理论的分析及该理论对我国农村义务教育的启示。最后,提出构建合理农村义务教育制度体系的对策建议。     

Can education equality trickle-down to economic growth? The case of Korea

Education equality is generally neglected in the literature that investigates education’s contribution to economic growth. This paper examines the case of Korea where economic growth, education equality (as measured by years of schooling), and educational quality have all been on the rise for many decades. Using time series data on schooling for adults of 25–85 years, a measure of education equality is calculated. Education equality is shown to be increasing through the years. A Cobb-Douglas production function for the economy was estimated using both “years of schooling” and “education equality” measures. When both measures are included, education equality is a strong predictor of economic growth.     

义务教育的均衡发展是教育平等的基石

Balanced development of compulsory education is not only the cornerstone of education equity, but also the fundamental part for realizing a harmonious society. There have been several achievements in balancing the development of compulsory education in China, such as narrowing the gaps in compulsory education between rural, urban, and other areas. However, the development of compulsory education is still confronted with several issues, including the gaps between rural and urban schools, the gaps between teacher’s situations in rural and urban area, higher drop-out rates of rural compulsory education than that of the national average level, etc. Based on the analysis of these issues and reasons, the suggestions for the policy-makers are as follows: (1) it must be further clarified that governments at all levels must take all responsibilities for the balanced development of compulsory education so as to integrate local authorities’ input and the central government’s subsidies; (2) the allocation mechanism of resources for compulsory education should be set up with “qualitative and fair growth” as its aim; (3) The quality standard for compulsory education based on the national curriculum standard should be worked out for playing the role of quality inspection in the fair development of compulsory education, and a relevant system of responsibility should also be established; (4) A national unified card for compulsory education should be adopted, which would help abolish extra fees for non-permanent-resident students receiving compulsory education in other places and (5) civilian-sponsored schools should be encouraged to offer compulsory education. __________ Translated from Jiaoyu Yanjiu 教育研究 (Educational Research), 2007, (2): 3–11     

中国高等教育财政政策的公平取向

促进教育公平是中国制定教育政策的基本价值导向。中国高等教育财政政策的基点是增加教育投入,保证机会公平,并已经关注资源利用情况及对过程公平的促进,今后的方向是如何提高产出效率,促进结果公平。对高等教育财政政策的公平取向进行分析,提出构建以公平为取向的高等教育财政政策体系,通过财政政策促进高等教育公平,具有现实性意义。     

义务教育服务均等化问题探析

随着<义务教育法>等有关义务教育保障政策的出台,各级政府加大了义务教育财政投入,中国彻底结束了几千年来基础教育上学要交费的历史,当前义务教育事业有了较快发展.但目前城乡义务教育发展不均衡局面还没有根本改观.义务教育服务均等化是当前最重要的一项基本公共服务,解决义务教育财政问题,从根本上说,必须进一步完善公共财政制度.     

对教育机会均等问题的几点认识

教育公平是教育的社会理想和教育政策追求的目标，它的核心是教育机会均等。教育机会不均等情况下，经济落后地区的女童就学难问题很突出，“择校”行为中的公平问题也是人们不断思考的问题。从我国现实情况看，补偿原则使处于不利地位的群体获得受教育的机会，体现了教育公平。教育公平的基本准则应是“在义务教育阶段应以公平为先，在非义务教育阶段适度地以效益为主，教育普及和提高质量同时进行”。     

城乡统筹发展背景下农村义务教育走出困境的策略

近年来,我国农村义务教育发展取得了巨大成就。但是,与城市相比,农村义务教育在教育经费、师资力量、办学条件和教师待遇等方面仍然面临诸多困境。在统筹城乡发展的时代背景下,必须采取以下策略,农村义务教育才能走出发展困境,实现城乡义务教育高水平的均衡发展。补偿农村义务教育,各种基础性教育资源向农村倾斜是根本;加大对农村义务教育公共财政扶持力度,确保农村教育充足办学经费是关键;提高农村义务教育学校教师待遇,增强农村教育吸引力是基础;严格执行教育法律法规,履行政府公共教育责任是保障。     

协同创新环境下“协同式”研究生培养模式研究

文章在现有的"协作式"研究生培养模式基础上,进一步提出"协同式"研究生培养模式;基于协同学和协同管理的理论知识,建立了协同创新环境下"协同式"研究生培养模式的理论模型;给出协同创新环境下"协同式"研究生培养模式的主要实现路径:宏观上学术学位与专业学位研究生培养两者要协同发展,微观上学术学位研究生培养和专业学位研究生培养自身也要协同发展,研究生导师队伍要强化建设,研究生主体角色要重新明确。     

从教育公平视角看我国基础教育的均衡发展

教育公平是一个包含了教育平等并以平等为主要取向的相对概念或范畴,其主要特点是平等、差异和补偿,基础教育均衡发展是教育公平在实践领域中的具体体现。根据教育公平平等、差异和补偿这三大原则,实现我国基础教育的均衡发展必须做到大力推进学校的标准化建设,促进基础教育领域内公办教育和民办教育的和谐发展,以及对弱势区域和弱势学校给予政策上的倾斜和经济上的扶助。     

教育均衡发展：西部民族地区教育公平的实现基础

教育公平已成为世界教育发展的潮流与诉求,而教育的均衡发展则是实现教育公平的基础与手段。民族地区基础教育均衡发展对于促进民族教育、实现教育公平更是具有重要的作用。国家通过实施西部大开发战略以加快基础教育尤其是义务教育的均衡发展,为西部民族地区教育公平的实现提供了社会基础;相关法律法规中有关基础教育均衡发展的内容规定为西部民族地区教育公平的实现提供了法律基础;而合理配置教育资源更是从根本上为促进西部民族地区基础教育的均衡发展,实现教育的公平提供了物质基础。     

我国教育公平指标体系的建立

近年来,我国的教育公平状况已引起了广泛的社会关注,要对我国教育公平有一个整体的了解和比较,并为教育的政策调整、资源配置提供决策的依据,需要建立相应的指标体系。本研究尝试依照指标体系的构建方法,并使用不平等的测算工具———基尼系数作为教育公平的基本测算工具,首次建立了适合于我国整体评价和省区比较的教育公平综合指标体系,其中分为义务教育均衡指数、高中教育公平指数、高等教育公平指数及教育存量公平指数四个子指数。     

An inspection on the Gini coefficient of the budget educational public expenditure per student for China’s basic education

Using statistical data on the implementing conditions of China’s educational expenditure published by the state, this paper studies the Gini coefficient of the budget educational public expenditure per student in order to examine the concentration degree of the educational expenditure for China’s basic education and analyze its balanced development condition. As the research shows, China’s basic education is undergoing an unbalanced development due to diversified factors, which is mainly reflected as follows: firstly, the budget educational public expenditure presents a four-tiered appearance of the strong, the less strong, the less weak and the weak, which lead to a great discrepancy between the two opposing extremes; secondly, the compulsory education in rural areas is still confronted with great difficulties; thirdly, the general senior secondary education is loaded with the crisis of unbalance. Therefore, it is necessary to construct a balanced development policy framework of the basic education and pay close attention to the benefit and effectiveness of the educational input. In addition, it is also important to clearly stipulate the criterion of the government’s educational allocation and to support the disadvantaged areas in order to promote the balanced development of the basic education. __________ Translated from Education Research, 2005:9     

平等与效率相互促进的教育公平论

平等与效率和谐统一的社会公平是促进社会和个人发展的重要手段,教育公平既有公平的普遍性,又有自身特点,应根据教育公平的本质特点实现教育公平的目标。实现教育公平必须追求和实现教育平等与教育效率的和谐统一,应坚持普及与提高、大众化教育与精英教育相结合的原则,坚持区域教育均衡发展、义务教育免费和强制性原则,积极消除分数面前人人平等的公平性和局限性的矛盾,实施素质教育和创新教育及其评价模式,坚持教学民主与因材施教。     

The curriculum as a tool for inclusive participation: Students’ voices in a case study in a Portuguese multicultural school

Portuguese schools in urban areas became multicultural during the 90s. Some students are quite distanced from the school culture. Many repeat grades. The curriculum emerges as a means of (re)organizing school practice, so that it is designed to foster inclusion. It is a tool for social mediation between the culture and knowledge of teenagers, and academic ones. It shapes the interactions between participants, cultural tools and knowledge. The principles of inclusive schooling promote the respect for diversity, underlining the need to listen to all voices of a learning community. According to the sociocultural approach appropriating knowledge and developing competencies is a complex process. Interactive practices shape students’ academic performances. Collaborative project work has been used to promote students’ engagement. This action-research project developed an alternative curriculum in a class (grades 5 and 6) from a poor and multicultural school in Lisbon. A follow-up investigated the impact of the educational changes on the learners’ participation in school and in social practices, and on their future life. We aim at analyzing this alternative curriculum process by focussing on students’ narratives. Results highlight improvements in students’ academic and social competencies. Changing practices during compulsory education facilitated achievement and resulted in a better socialization.