注重科学课程中的形成性评价

当一个阶段（或单元）教学结束，或一个中心学习活动完成以后，教师应该根据课程目标的要求，进行形成性检测。对本阶段教学目标进行全面了解，做到心中有数，以利于下一步教学活动的开展。形成性评价重在考察阶段学习成果，对不同形式的成果要采取不同的评价手段。对实物形式的成果，比如学生制作或模型，可以先分组评选，再上台讲解，给出等级评价；而那些种植或饲养的实物成果，则要结合观察记录和观察报告一起进行，这类评价最好以小组成果的形式出现，在小组内部参与和贡献评价的基础上进行，以扩大参与面。对核心科学概念的认知和理解…     

理论探新与现实关照的凝结——读李三福教授《教育科研评价论》

当前,中国教育科学的发展正进入一个全方位、多层面、跨学科、跨部门的理论创新、方法创新和制度创新的新阶段。如何科学、客观、公正地评价教育科学成果,建立与完善我国教育科学的评价机制和评价     

本院教师论文摘编

《论系统科学研究成果的评价原则》作者 :鲁兴启原载《系统辩证学学报》2 0 0 0年第 3期系统科学研究成果的评价 ,涉及的问题十分复杂 ,受到诸因素的制约。为了确保在系统科学研究成果的评价中少出问题 ,评价中应该遵循四条基本原则 :1 .客观性原则。由于系统科学研究涉及的是社会发展中复杂性程度很高的问题 ,成果评价的难度极大。而成果评价的客观性体现在评审专家的价值尺度能否有效地用来度量成果的实际价值。 2 .公正性原则。成果评价的主体是一个个有价值目的的个体 ,在评价活动中 ,他必须坚持他的价值立场。公正性原则强调的是 ,当客…     

科学课形成性评价探索——《感觉器官》一课评价设计

科学形成性评价重在考查阶段性学习成果,对不同形式的成果要采取不同的评价手段。对实物形式的成果,比如学生制作,可以先分组评选,再上台讲解,给出评价等级;而那些种植或饲养的实物成果,则要结合     

浅议教学成果评价

科学、公正地评价教学成果是确保教学成果奖励机制健康运行的关键。开展普通高校教学成果评价的研究,制定科学、公正的普通高校教学成果评价方案,不仅是教学成果评审奖励工作的需要,也是深化高等学校教学改革的需要。目前,国家、省和高等学校确定了一大批面向２１世纪...     

《论系统科学研究成果的评价原则》

原载《系统辩证学学报》2000年第3期 系统科学研究成果的评价,涉及的问题十分复杂,受到诸因素的制约.为了确保在系统科学研究成果的评价中少出问题,评价中应该遵循四条基本原则:1.客观性原则.由于系统科学研究涉及的是社会发展中复杂性程度很高的同题,成果评价的难度极大.而成果评价的客观性体现在评审专家的价值尺度能否有效地用来度量成果的实际价值.2.公正性原则.成果评价的主体是一个个有价值目的的个体,在评价活动中,他必须坚持他的价值立场.公正性原则强调的是,当客体多于一个对象时,主体的评价不能对任何一个对象有偏袒,譬如评价指标的设计,不能在设计时有意识地期望指标对那些特定的评价对象有利.3.可靠性原则.系统科学研究成果评价中的可靠性原则,是指成果评价中评价主体出现某一评议结果的概率,如果评价过程中出现某一评议结果的概率大,那么该评议结果的可靠性也就大.4.全面性原则.由于系统科学研究中既运用了自然科学、工程技术,又运用了社会科学、人文科学,其成果评价中既涉及真理标准又涉及价值标准,如成果的科学性、完备性、可靠性,成果的经济价值、政治价值、理论价值、伦理价值、生态价值等等,均应全面统筹考虑.     

成果导向的高职可编程控制器技术课程评价体系构建与实践

针对高职可编程控制器技术课程评价中存在的问题,基于成果导向教育理念,提出成果导向、多维度全过程的课程评价改革思路,构建一个更为科学、客观的多元化课程评价体系。实践证明,通过实施这一评价体系,有助于全面、客观地评价学生的学习状况,有效地衡量学生的学习成果,促进学习成果的转化和提升,有效促进教师的教学诊改和教学目标的达成。     

人文社会科学成果评审中存在的问题及改进的思考

正确评价和奖励社会科学研究成果是充分调动人文社会科学研究人员的科研积极性,从而多出成果,出好成果的一项重要手段.因此,针对社科成果评价中存在的非科学因素的干扰,如何完善人文社会科学研究成果奖励制度,健全成果评价机制,改进成果评价标准和评价方法,是社科界及科研管理部门亟待思考的问题.     

项目教学学生学业质量评价体系研究

项目教学是行为导向的教学法,项目教学的实施过程是一个工作过程和学习过程。依据项目教学的相关理论,以动态的评价指标观测学生的学习质量和学习成果,构建过程性评价和结果性评价相结合的项目教学学业质量评价体系,从而科学地评价学生的学业质量。     

教育科学课题评价指标体系研究

目前教育科学课题评价指标体系的构建与实施往往只关注最终的成果评价,确立和选取评价指标时缺乏对不同研究内容和研究性质的考虑,且指标体系的内容不够具体和明确。为此,教育科学课题评价体系的构建要遵循全面完备、科学合理、客观公正和简易可行等原则,并以此制定出一个相对完备的教育科学课题评价指标体系。     

THE EFFECT OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING STRATEGIES ON ELEMENTARY STUDENTS’ SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENT AND SOCIAL SKILLS IN KUWAIT

This study compares the effects of two methods of teaching—teacher-centered and cooperative learning—on students’ science achievement and use of social skills. The sample consists of 163 female elementary science students in 8 intact grade 5 classes who were assigned to 2 instructional methods and were taught an identical science unit by 4 classroom teachers. The students’ science achievement was measured by a researcher-designed achievement test given to students as a pretest and a posttest. Students’ social skills were determined by a researcher-designed survey administered as a pretest and posttest. Analysis of the achievement test scores and the social skills survey responses revealed that cooperative learning strategies have significantly (p > 0.05) more positive effects on both students’ achievement and social skills than teacher-centered strategies. These results provide an evidential base to inform policy decisions and encourage and persuade teachers to implement cooperative learning methods in Kuwaiti classrooms.     

Socioeconomic and Gender Effects on Science Achievement: An Australian Perspective

The purpose of this study is to investigate science achievement of Australian students and how this achievement can vary from school to school. The proposition that gender and socioeconomic inequities in Australia are the result of school systems designed to reproduce an unequal social order was examined with reference both to current sociological literature and methodological techniques which account for the hierarchical nature of students nested in schools. Additionally, student‐level and school‐level variables are investigated for their ability to explain gender and socioeconomic differences in science achievement, as well as general student variability. Even after adjusting for the students’ individual characteristics and home backgrounds, as well as the context of the school, there were significant gender and socioeconomic differences in science achievement across Australian schools. The importance of variability in science achievement between schools is shown in this study, with specific reference to how this variability can be attributed to the school system.     

知识管理背景下社会科学成果评价体系的构建原则

通过对知识管理的理念和方法的研究,结合我国社会科学成果评价体系的研究现状和应用情况,分析了影响社会科学成果评价体系的诸多因素,提出构建社会科学成果评价体系应遵循的八项基本原则和技术原则。     

Examining the evidence from TIMSS: Gender differences in Year 8 science achievement in Australia

Australia's continuing participation in international science studies such as TIMSS provides a useful lens through which to monitor achievement in science over time. Gender differences in science were not evident in the early years of TIMSS but appear to be growing. This article examines gender differences in science achievement in early secondary schooling in Australia using data from the TIMSS 2003 study. The aim is to explore the cultural, social, structural and institutional factors that may differentially influence science achievement, with the aim of identifying which are more important for males and for females.     

MODELING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG LEARNING,ATTITUDE, SELF-PERCEPTION,AND SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENT FOR GRADE 8 SAUDI STUDENTS

The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity of modeling science achievement in terms of 3 social psychological variables (school connectedness, science attitude, and active learning) and 2 self-perception variables (self-confidence and science value). Two models were tested: full mediation and partial mediation. In the full-mediation model, effects of the 3 social psychological variables upon science achievement were hypothesized to be completely mediated through science value and self-confidence. In the partial-mediation model, however, those 3 variables were hypothesized to affect achievement directly as well as indirectly through the mediating roles of science value and self-confidence. Data were obtained from Grade 8 Saudi students (N = 4,099) who participated in TIMSS 2007. The relationships among constructs were examined with the use of structural equation modeling software Mplus7. Results indicated that both models performed adequately in terms of fit indices, but the partial-mediation model was retained due to its superiority over the full-mediation model in representing the sample covariance matrix as tested through chi-square difference test. The mediating role of self-confidence in the relationships of science attitude and active learning to achievement was substantiated, but the mediating role of science value was not supported.     

Gender studies: some methodological and theoretical issues

In the first part of this paper, studies are reviewed which suggest that gender differences in science achievement can be explained entirely in terms of social factors, and which also suggest that these differences could be eliminated, or even reversed, by changing the social environment. For the studies examined, it is suggested that research workers may not have taken sufficient account of confounding variables in their work, and that the apparent changes in gender differential reported may be explained in terms of these confounding variables.

In the second part of the paper, studies are reviewed which seek explanation of gender differences in science achievement in terms of unequal treatment of boys and girls by science teachers in the classroom. It is concluded that the quality of the research work which has been undertaken is disappointing, and that the research evidence provided by these studies for the differential treatment of boys and girls by science teachers is far from convincing.

It is concluded that real gender differences in science achievement do exist, and that they cannot be explained fully in terms of the social environment. It is suggested that both biological and sociological theoretical perspectives on gender differences in science achievement are inadequate, and that further progress in understanding gender differences in science achievement will require a new theoretical synthesis. It is suggested that sociobiology may provide the required new theoretical synthesis by allowing for the recognition of both biological and environmental influences on science achievement.     

Optimizing science self-efficacy: A multilevel examination of the moderating effects of anxiety on the relationship between self-efficacy and achievement in science

Extant research has demonstrated that anxiety is negatively associated with self-efficacy, especially in science. However, social cognitive theory also posits that anxiety and self-efficacy are likely to dynamically interact (i.e., moderate), such that a student high in anxiety may not garner the benefits of high self-efficacy. It has been suggested that classrooms may also be characterized in terms of this problematic dynamic, such that class-average anxiety may impede potentially positive effects of class-average self-efficacy. Despite this, very little work has focused on the extent to which anxiety thwarts the positive effects of self-efficacy at either the student- or classroom-level, and none has done so among secondary school students or in science specifically. Thus, the present study examines the main effects of science anxiety and self-efficacy on science achievement, as well as the moderating effects of science anxiety on the relationship between science self-efficacy and achievement, at both the student- and classroom-level. With a sample of N = 1,075 high school students clustered in N = 99 science classrooms, doubly latent multilevel structural equation modelling demonstrated that science self-efficacy positively predicted science achievement at both student- and classroom-levels. Also, at the student-level (but not the classroom-level), science anxiety negatively moderated the effects of science self-efficacy on science achievement, such that students high in self-efficacy with higher anxiety scored lower in science achievement than those with lower anxiety. Interestingly, however, student-level (but not classroom-level) findings also suggested a potentially arousing role of anxiety for students low in self-efficacy. These findings have theoretical implications and suggest that a dual intervention approach (i.e., concurrently promoting science self-efficacy and reducing science anxiety) at student-level and interventions targeting self-efficacy at the classroom-level may be warranted to optimize science achievement.     

The effects of matching instructional strategy with selected student characteristics on ninth grade physical science students' attitudes and achievement

The study investigated the benefits of a matching model of instruction for students enrolled in ninth grade physical science classes in one high school in a small, urban school district. Based on social learning theory, three independent variables were identified for purposes of matching: need level, cognitive style, and locus of control; attitude and achievement outcomes served as the dependent variables. Results of separate analyses of covariance revealed that attitude toward science in general improved with matching, but achievement, attitude toward physical science, attitude toward instruction, and attitude toward the teacher did not improve. Recommendations for subsequent “matching” experiments are discussed in light of the findings in this investigation.     

THE CONCURRENT VALIDITY OF STANDARDIZED ACHIEVEMENT TESTS BY CONTENT AREA USING TEACHERS' RATINGS AS CRITERIA

To assess the concurrent validity of standardized achievement tests using teachers' ratings (and rankings) of pupils' academic achievement as criteria, 42 teachers evaluated each of their students (n = 1,032) in each of five major curricular areas prior to the administration of a battery of standardized achievement tests. The teachers were directed to rate each student's proficiency disregarding attendance, attitude, deportment, and so on. Within-class correlation coefficients were computed to eliminate rater leniency bias. The standardized achievement tests were found to have substantial concurrent validity in reading, math, language arts, science, and social studies. The normalized teacher ranks yielded significantly higher validity coefficients than did the ratings, although the magnitude of the difference was small. The concurrent validity coefficients for language arts, reading, and math were significantly higher than those in science and social studies.     

Understanding teachers' evaluation criteria: A condition for success in science classes

This study is part of a broader research project. The main aim was to find out pedagogic practices which can improve students' science achievement, namely, in complex cognitive competencies. The study is based on Bernstein's theory. Previous studies have suggested that the explicitness of the criteria of evaluation is related to students' scientific understanding and achievement. One of the many ways in which the evaluation criteria can be made explicit to students is through assessment tests, and their correction and marking. In this study, we analyze the extent to which students understand teachers' evaluation criteria, more specifically, teachers' marking criteria and procedures (i.e., the extent to which they have recognition and realization rules to the assessing context). We also analyze the relation of that understanding with social class, social context of the school, teacher's conceptual demand, teachers' explicitness of criteria, and science achievement. A clear relation between students' acquisition of recognition and realization rules and social class is shown: the higher the social class, the higher that acquisition. A privileged school's social context and the teacher's explicitness of assessing criteria also contribute to students' understanding of teachers' evaluation criteria. This understanding influences science achievement, especially in complex competencies. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.