瑶族儿童汉语语音意识与阅读能力的相关研究

选取桂北24名瑶族和28名汉族三年级小学生,采用声母、韵母、声调的语音意识测试和拼音补词、读句指错、读句改错、语段阅读的阅读能力测试,探讨瑶族儿童的汉语语音意识与阅读能力及其相关的问题。结果发现：瑶族儿童汉语语音意识能力与汉族儿童相当,并未受普通话的使用率与熟练程度的影响,而有可能受元语言能力以及母语正迁移的积极影响;瑶族儿童阅读能力低于汉族儿童,这与处于学习第二语言汉语早期阶段有关,也与汉语书面阅读经验有限有关;瑶族儿童汉语语音意识与阅读能力存在相关,拼音补词与声母意识、韵母意识、声调意识相关显著;语段阅读与韵母意识相关显著。因此,应重新审视少数民族的语言价值,看到和发挥母语对于第二语言汉语语音意识和阅读能力的正迁移作用。     

有关儿童汉语语音意识发展的研究及其启示

最近十年的研究表明，在儿童汉语语音意识发展过程中，声调意识发展最早，其次是押韵和首音意识，音住意识发展得最晚。影响语音意识发展的因素包括拼音教学与阅读经验。这些研究成果有助于提高我国学前语言教育与研究的水平。     

学前儿童汉字语音意识的相关探究

自20世纪80年代初期以来,语音意识是元语言研究的重要领域,受到了众多研究者的普遍关注,本文立足与此,主要探讨学前儿童的汉语语音意识,在简单概述语音意识的基础之上,再阐发其与儿童阅读发展之关系,从而探讨幼儿家长对幼儿发展教育的方法。     

阿拉伯语留学生汉语语音习得难点探析

阿拉伯语留学生习得汉语语音的过程中易产生具有普遍性和规律性的偏误,母语负迁移无疑是重要原因之一。本文对15名阿拉伯语学生进行听音和发音测试,结合测试结果和汉阿语音对比,找出具体原因所在,并提出相应的教学策略。     

新疆学前双语教育情境中民族儿童的汉语发展研究

本研究以新疆学前双语幼儿园384名维吾尔族儿童为研究对象,通过国际通用儿童语言研究工具和汉语语料库研究方法,探讨新疆学前双语教育情境中民族儿童的汉语发展现状。研究发现了学前民族儿童汉语学习呈现不断递升的发展图景,在汉语理解性语义和表达性语义、叙事语言和学业语言,以及汉语平均语句长度等方面逐渐发展的态势,报告了学前民族儿童汉语入学准备的良好前景;根据学前民族儿童汉语语言学习与发展规律,对新疆学前双语教育提出了整合有序的教育模式的建议;同时针对学前民族儿童与汉语为母语儿童之间的汉语语义发展差距,建议新疆学前双语教育重视引入早期阅读理念和图画书资源,为民族儿童的汉语学习构建高质量的语言输入过程。     

教师与维吾尔族学前儿童的汉语互动研究

在新疆的学前双语教育中,教师的汉语能力对维吾尔族学前儿童的汉语能力发展有重要影响。本研究以25名教师为研究对象,收集其在与80名3～6岁维吾尔族儿童互动时的汉语口语资料,以语句长度为指标,分析教师的平均语句长度和最长5句话语的平均长度对儿童汉语语句长度的影响。结果表明,教师的平均语句长度能显著预测儿童的平均语句长度,说明教师的汉语能力对儿童的汉语习得有显著影响。教师应充分重视自身汉语语言能力的提高,同时有意识地根据儿童的年龄特点和汉语能力差异调整自己的语句长度,以促进维吾尔族学前儿童的汉语习得。     

学前儿童读写准备的促进：基于脑与认知科学的视角

读写准备是学前儿童将来正式学习读写的基础，与儿童日后的学业表现密切相关。世界上很多国家和地区越来越重视学前儿童的读写准备，制定了相关发展标准。学前儿童读写准备与幼儿园“小学化”在学习内容与目的上存在根本区别。脑与认知科学的相关研究揭示了在学前儿童读写准备中应重视的关键认知技能与环境影响因素。前者包括文字意识、语音意识、语音工作记忆、快速命名、口语理解能力、精细动作、视动整合能力等。后者涉及家庭社会经济地位、亲子言语互动与对话质量、幼儿园教育质量等。教育者应科学促进学前儿童的读写准备，为其日后的流畅读写奠定基础。     

学前儿童文字意识发展研究述评

文字意识的发展对儿童阅读能力的发展具有分水岭意义。本文梳理了学界对有关文字意识的概念界定、研究的主要方法、文字意识发展的划分阶段和文字意识的教学模式等方面的研究,发现研究者和相关国家的阅读计划都开始关注儿童文字意识的发展,并采用量化、直观的方法对学前儿童文字意识的发展特点和影响因素进行研究。大部分研究者认为,儿童文字意识的发展具有阶段性特点,交互式的教学模式是培养儿童文字意识,发展儿童阅读能力的理想方法。我们认为未来的研究要关注汉语学前儿童文字意识发展的普遍性和独特性特征,探索汉语学前儿童文字意识培养的有效途径。     

学前儿童文字意识发展研究述评

文字意识的发展对儿童阅读能力的发展具有分水岭意义.本文梳理了学界对有关文字意识的概念界定、研究的主要方法、文字意识发展的划分阶段和文字意识的教学模式等方面的研究,发现研究者和相关国家的阅读计划都开始关注儿童文字意识的发展,并采用量化、直观的方法对学前儿童文字意识的发展特点和影响因素进行研究.大部分研究者认为,儿童文字意识的发展具有阶段性特点,交互式的教学模式是培养儿童文字意识,发展儿童阅读能力的理想方法.我们认为未来的研究要关注汉语学前儿童文字意识发展的普遍性和独特性特征,探索汉语学前儿童文字意识培养的有效途径.     

语言顺应视角下汉语学前儿童语用能力习得探析

本文根据耶夫·维索尔伦的语言顺应论,以4名不同年龄的汉语学前儿童为例,运用观察和录音的实证方法,调查分析汉语学前儿童语用能力的习得方式与特征。内容包括:语境关系顺应与语用能力习得;语言结构顺应与语用能力习得;动态的顺应中的语用习得;顺应过程的意识程度与语用能力习得的相互作用。     

影响留学生语音意识发展的因素

在西方心理语言学和教育心理学界,语音意识是一个非常活跃的领域,为此人们在不同理论观点的引导下,实施了不少有意义的研究。文章正是在以往研究的基础上具体探讨了影响学习者的汉语语音意识的因素。文章发现,母语差异和汉语水平高低是影响学习者汉语语音意识发展的主要因素,并且这两个因素间存在着显著的交互作用,主要表现为汉语水平低的学习者受母语差异影响小,而汉语水平高的学习者受母语差异影响显著。此外,通过对语音意识作业的详细分析,文章还发现学习者的汉语音位意识发展较早,这一点不同于汉语儿童的语音意识发展顺序。     

How socioeconomic status,executive functioning and verbal interactions contribute to early academic achievement in Chinese children

The present study investigated the relative importance of executive functioning, parent–child verbal interactions, phonological awareness and visual skills on reading and mathematics for Chinese children from low-versus middle-socio economic status (SES) backgrounds. A total of 199 kindergarten children were assessed on executive functioning, verbal interactions, phonological awareness, visual skills, mathematics and word reading in Chinese and English. Results revealed that low-SES children exhibited lower levels of cognitive-linguistic skills, verbal interactions, reading and mathematics achievement than their middle-SES counterparts. Path analyses also indicated that executive functioning and verbal interactions made significant and direct contributions to mathematics, and indirect contributions to reading through phonological awareness. These results suggest that executive functioning and verbal interactions provide the foundation for phonological awareness and visual skills, which in turn affect reading and mathematics achievement. Overall, findings underscore the potential importance of SES inequalities, cognitive-linguistic skills and parental verbal input to their children for early reading and mathematics achievement.     

Letter names, letter sounds and phonological awareness: an examination of kindergarten children across letters and of letters across children

In this study 149 kindergarten children were assessed for knowledge of letter names and letter sounds, phonological awareness, and cognitive abilities. Through this it examined child and letter characteristics influencing the acquisition of alphabetic knowledge in a naturalistic context, the relationship between letter-sound knowledge and letter-name knowledge, and the prediction of Grade 1 phonological awareness and word identification from these variables. Knowledge of letter sounds was better for vowels and for letters with consonant–vowel names than for those with vowel–consonant names or names bearing little relationship to their sounds. However, there were anomalies within each category reflecting characteristics of the individual letters. Structural equation modelling showed that cognitive ability, comprising receptive vocabulary, non-verbal reasoning, rapid automatized naming of colours, and phonological memory significantly contributed to alphabetic knowledge and phonological awareness. In turn, letter-name knowledge but not phonological awareness predicted letter-sound knowledge and subsequent reading skill.This research was supported by a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada to the first author. Thank you is extended to the participating schools and children and to Ian Newby-Clark for his orientation to AMOS. Michelle Bell, Shelly Moretti and Jodi Page have since graduated from the University of Guelph     

汉语学习困难学生语音加工特征比较的实验研究

采取三种不同语音分割任务,对小学四年级汉语学习困难学生、听力损伤学生和正常学生的汉语语音觉察与加工能力进行了比较实验研究。结果表明,两类特殊儿童的汉语语音意识能力明显低于正常儿童。本结果提示,教育者应关注儿童早期拼音教学中对语音敏感性的训练。     

Developmental changes in the contributions of phonological processing skills to Chinese character reading and arithmetic

This study examined the associations of phonological processing skills with reading and arithmetic ability in Chinese kindergartners (Mage = 5.56 years), third graders (Mage = 9.72 years), and fifth graders (Mage = 11.75 years) (N = 413) of Han descent. The results showed that phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming (RAN) showed stronger relations than phonological memory with reading and arithmetic across grades. Furthermore, the associations of phonological awareness and RAN with reading were much stronger in kindergartners than in primary school children, whereas their relationships with arithmetic remained stable across grades. Among phonological skills, phonological awareness has a unique influence on arithmetic that is independent of Chinese character reading in third-graders and kindergartners. In contrast, RAN uniquely explained the variation in arithmetic skills in fifth graders when reading was statistically controlled for. These findings have important implications for understanding the co-development of reading and arithmetic across grades and raise the possibility of training in phonological awareness and/or RAN to help children at risk for learning disabilities.     

儿童视觉加工能力与其语音意识的相关性

本研究通过考察儿童对无意义简单图形、汉语生字和英语生词的视觉辨别记忆能力,探讨视觉加工对儿童语音意识发展的可能作用,并通过方言-普通话双语儿童(简称方言被试)和普通话单语儿童(简称普通话被试)的对比,进一步探讨方言被试和普通话被试在语音意识维度上的差异是否会在视觉记忆能力中反映出来.结果显示,方言语音经验并不影响与汉字学习有关的视觉记忆能力;但不同刺激类型的视觉记忆能力和语音意识的相关性随着年级的变化而变化.回归分析显示,在二年级时,图形和汉字的视觉记忆能力能够预测儿童的语音意识水平,而到了四年级和六年级,英语生词的视觉记忆能力是语音意识的唯一预测变量.由于汉语拼音和英语在形态上的一致性,结合系列研究的其他结论,本实验结果显示:汉语拼音的学习和巩固,使语音的形式化成为可能,而语音的形式化易化了语音加工过程,这个易化过程反映为语音意识测量成绩的提高.     

Phonological awareness in monolingual and bilingual English and Greek five‐year‐olds

This study examined and compared levels of phonological awareness in monolingual and bilingual English and Greek five‐year‐olds. Sixty‐eight children from Britain and Cyprus, matched on the basis of age, gender, non‐verbal and verbal IQ, were assigned to four groups: two bilingual (English‐Greek, Greek‐English) and two monolingual (English, Greek). Performance of the four groups on a set of six phonological tasks was compared. Bilingual children were given both English and Greek versions of the tasks; monolingual children were given the phonological tasks in their mother tongue only. Given the results of previous research, it was predicted that bilingual children would show higher levels of phonological awareness than monolingual. The children tested in Britain were already being taught to read in school, whereas those tested in Cyprus were not. On the basis of previous research, it was further predicted that there would also be effects of learning to read in an alphabetic language, such that the bilingual children tested in Britain would show higher levels of phonological awareness at the level of the phoneme than their counterparts tested in Cyprus. Results showed that the bilingual English‐Greek children significantly outperformed the monolingual English children, but this pattern was not replicated in the bilingual Greek‐English/monolingual Greek comparisons. This difference is discussed in terms of the bilingual enhancement effect, which, according to the present data, seems to occur only when bilingual children are exposed to a second language that is phonologically simpler than their first language. Results also showed that English‐Greek bilingual children performed significantly better than Greek‐English bilinguals, especially on tasks requiring phoneme awareness. This accords well with suggestions that learning to read in an alphabetic language promotes this level of phonological awareness.     

The effect of dialect experience on Chinese children’s Mandarin phonological awareness

Most studies on bilingual phonological awareness suggested that children who were able to speak a second language performed better in phonological awareness tasks; some studies however found different results. This study revisited the issue by investigating the effect of Min dialect experience on Chinese children’s Mandarin phonological awareness. Children who were able to speak Mandarin only (M) were compared with children who were able to speak one dialect and Mandarin (DM) or two dialects and Mandarin (BiDM). In Experiment 1, 2nd and 4th grade M children performed better than their Minnan DM and Puxian DM counterparts in onset and rime judgement. Experiment 2 detected also an advantage of 1st and 2nd grade M children over their Mindong DM peers in syllable deletion and rime oddity. In Experiment 3, M children performed significantly better than their Mindong DM and Mindong–Puxian BiDM peers in 1st and 2nd grade and the difference remained significant between M children and BiDM children when IQ was controlled. The M advantage disappeared however in higher grades in all experiments. Generally the results suggested that Min dialect experience interfered with children’s performance in Mandarin phonological awareness, but the disadvantage disappeared as children proceeded to higher grades. The interference was discussed as consequence of subtractive bilingualism and Mandarin as cognitive tool.     

Morphological awareness in developmental dyslexia

This study examines morphological awareness in developmental dyslexia. While the poor phonological awareness of dyslexic children has been related to their difficulty in handling the alphabetical principle, less is known about their morphological awareness, which also plays an important part in reading development. The aim of this study was to analyze in more detail the implications of the phonological impairments of dyslexics in dealing with larger units of language such as morphemes. First, the performance of dyslexic children in a series of morphological tasks was compared with the performance of children matched on reading-level and chronological age. In all the tasks, the dyslexic group performed below the chronological age control group, suggesting that morphological awareness cannot be developed entirely independently of reading experience and/or phonological skills. Comparisons with the reading-age control group indicated that, while the dyslexic children were poorer in the morphemic segmentation tasks, they performed normally for their reading level in the sentence completion tasks. Furthermore, they produced more derived words in the production task. This suggests that phonological impairments prevent the explicit segmentation of affixes while allowing the development of productive morphological knowledge. A second study compared dyslexic subgroups defined by their degree of phonological impairment. Our results suggest that dyslexics develop a certain type of morphological knowledge, which they use as a compensatory reading strategy.