Problem Solving:

No abstract available for this article.     

大学学术人员在学术事务管理中影响力的实证研究

二十世纪八十年代以来,我国大学学术人员逐渐参与学术事务管理。文章从教学计划制定、专业设置、学科建设、学术人员招聘与晋升四个方面对18所大学的学术人员和行政人员进行实证调查。结果显示,经过二十多年的成长,学术人员在学术事务管理上获得了一些成效,但是,还存在参与程度表层化、学术人员与行政人员合作不融洽和"双肩挑"现象显著等问题。     

Changing Attitudes to University Mathematics Through Problem Solving

University mathematics is often presented in a formal way that causes many students to cope by memorising what they perceive as a fixed body of knowledge rather than learning to think for themselves. This research studies the effects on students' attitudes of a course encouraging co-operative problem-solving and reflection on the thinking activities involved. The attitudinal questionnaire was shown to the students' teachers who were asked to specify the attitudes they expect from their students and the attitudes they prefer. This was used to give a ‘desired direction of change’ from expected to preferred. Before the course, half the students responded that university mathematics did not make sense. A majority declared negative attitudes such as anxiety, fear of new problems and lack of confidence. During the problem-solving course the changes were almost all in the desired direction. During the following six months of standard mathematics lecturing, almost all changes were in the opposite direction. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

学术管理：大学管理的内核—大学学术管理发展的历史考量

从大学产生之初，学术管理就是大学内部管理的中心，但在社会发展过程中，这个中心不断地受到社会各种因素的干扰或冲击，在我国，虽然北大，清华的学术管理实践为我们提供了弥足珍贵的经验，但时至今日，大学学术管理的状况仍不容乐观，这是由于长期的高度集中统一的计划管理模式，管理科学的理论水平不高，大学决策人员的素质和处境等原因所致，通过大学学术管理的历史回溯，可以得出的结论是：大学管理会体现出愈来愈明显的学术性特征，学术管理必将成为大学管理的内核。     

高等院校无形资产管理问题探讨

文章分析了高校无形资产管理现状和高校无形资产流失的原因，并在分析的基础上，对高校无形资产运作管理和财务核算管理两方面给出了具体的建议和方法，旨在提高高校无形资产管理水平，确保高校无形资产的保值增值。     

A Case-Based Learning Environment Design for Real-World Classroom Management Problem Solving

The Instructional Design Portfolio

A Case-Based Learning Environment Design for Real-World Classroom Management Problem Solving     

Allocation of Academic Workloads in the Faculty of Human and Social Sciences at a South African University

ABSTRACT

This article reports on the results of a statistical analysis of the weekly working hours of academics in a Faculty of Human and Social Sciences at a South African university. The aim was to quantify, analyse and compare the workload of academic staff. Seventy-five academics self-reported on their workload by completing the workload measuring instrument. The results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in the total working hours per week in terms of gender, schools, academic qualifications and positions. However, there were statistically significant differences in the hours spent performing core academic activities such as teaching and learning, administration and management, research and postgraduate supervision, and community engagement and services to the scholarly community. The results indicated inequalities in the workload allocation of academic staff, with some staff members being underutilized and others significantly over worked.     

Multimedia Effect in Problem Solving: A Meta-Analysis

Pictures are commonly used to represent problems. However, it is unclear how the addition of pictures affects students’ problem-solving performance. The multimedia effect in problem solving describes the phenomenon whereby an individual’s problem-solving performance is enhanced when equivalent pictures are added to illustrate or replace part of the problem text. Using meta-analytic techniques, this study sought to determine the overall size of the multimedia effect in problem solving and the possible boundary conditions (k = 51; N = 38,987; Range n = 10 – 31,842; Median n = 63). The results showed a significant small-to-medium multimedia effect size on response accuracy (Hedges’s g = 0.32) and a significant medium-to-large multimedia effect size on students’ response certainty (Hedges’s g = 0.74), but no significant multimedia effect on response time. The results for the effects of decorative pictures were not sufficient for a reliable interpretation. Representational (Hedges’s g = 0.24) and organizational (Hedges’s g = 0.52) pictures had a significant and positive impact on response accuracy, but informational or multiple pictures across studies did not have a significant aggregate effect on an individual’s response accuracy. These findings suggest that the multimedia effect in problem solving is diverse and limited by multiple boundary conditions. Further primary studies are needed to further investigate the multimedia effect in problem solving.

     

高师院校师范生解题能力的培养

高校师范生从进入高校后普遍存在解题能力下滑的现象,为师范生教师素质的形成带来很大隐患。本文将从师范生解题能力训练的重要意义、解题能力训练的策略和途径等方面阐述师范生解题能力培养的必要性。     

School Science Problem Solving:

No abstract available for this article.     

From Crisis Management to Academic Achievement: A University Cluster-mentoring Model for Black Undergraduates

In spite of the widening racial achievement gap among U.S. college students (U.S. Census Bureau, 2011), some universities are achieving success in supporting the graduation and postcollege goals of Black undergraduates (Apprey, Bassett, Preston-Grimes, Lewis, & Wood 2014/this issue; Baker, 2006; Hrabowski, 2003; Hrabowski & Maton, 2009). Although research has documented efforts to improve students’ college academic success in mathematics, science, and engineering (Maton & Hrabowski, 2004), little research has examined the role of undergraduate support programs across the academic disciplines to bridge success for students from high school graduation through graduate school matriculation. This is a key link in the pipeline to career and lifelong achievement for Black students. The following case study describes an inclusive cluster-mentoring model for Black undergraduates at a Research I university that includes four elements—(a) student peer-advising, (b) faculty–student academic mentoring and advising, (c) culturally sensitive initiatives, and (d) organized parental support—to create high impact with measurable results. This university-based model can serve as a guide to improve and expand services that support the academic and leadership success of Black undergraduate students in other higher education settings.     

问题解决的一个新框架

问题解决是心理学研究中许多理论性分析的主题。执行功能是认知和发展研究中新近兴起的一个备受关注的研究领域。它对于研究思维和行为的意识控制具有重要意义。文章概述国外新近提出的关于问题解决的一个新框架 ,以及在此框架基础上对执行功能结构进行研究的新近成果和研究方法     

创新管理模式 强化学术管理——基于马里兰大学学术事务管理运行模式的思考

学习美国大学的管理经验,拓展大学管理的国际视野,以寻求在全球化视域下我国大学内部管理上的突破与创新,这是一件十分紧迫而又意义深远的事情。通过对美国马里兰大学内部学术事务管理运行模式的二元权力结构以及学术评议会制度的分析,提出我国大学需要进一步创新管理模式,维护学术权力,进一步增强学术定位和办学目标的稳定性,进一步加大学校学术品牌建设等观点。     

Cognitive Variables in Problem Solving: A Nonlinear Approach

We employ tools of complexity theory to examine the effect of cognitive variables, such as working-memory capacity, degree of field dependence–independence, developmental level and the mobility–fixity dimension. The nonlinear method correlates the subjects rank-order achievement scores with each cognitive variable. From the achievement scores in organic-synthesis problems of various mental demands, rank-order sequences of the subjects, according to their scores, were generated, and in the place of each subject, his/her score was replaced by the value of the corresponding cognitive variable. Then each sequence was mapped onto a one-dimensional random walk, and when treated as a dynamic flow, was found to possess fractal geometry, with characteristics depending on the complexity of the problem. The findings were interpreted using concepts from complexity theory, such as order, correlation exponents, and entropy. The method provides meaningful results and adds to the understanding of information processing and the role of cognitive variables within the frame of predictive models in problem solving. Although the method is applied to a particular kind of problems (chemical, organic-synthesis problems), it can be generalized to other problems, not only in chemistry, but also in other sciences and in mathematics. Finally, the educational implications are discussed.     

Facilitating Flexible Problem Solving: A Cognitive Load Perspective

The development of flexible, transferable problem-solving skills is an important aim of contemporary educational systems. Since processing limitations of our mind represent a major factor influencing any meaningful learning, the acquisition of flexible problem-solving skills needs to be based on known characteristics of our cognitive architecture in order to be effective and efficient. This paper takes a closer look at the processes involved in the acquisition of flexible problem-solving skills within a cognitive load framework. It concludes that (1) cognitive load theory can benefit from putting more emphasis on generalized knowledge structures; (2) there are tradeoffs between generality and power with respect to specific versus generalized knowledge structures; (3) generalized knowledge structures of “medium” generality are essential for flexible expertise; and (4) cognitive load theory could provide a valuable framework for considering essential attributes of flexible expertise.     

从“应用题”到“解决问题”——小学数学解决问题的教育价值与教学研究

从应用题到解决问题,这绝不仅是名称上的变化.弄清楚这其中变化的实质,有助于我们更好地继承应用题教学宝贵的、成功的经验,也有助于我们更好地开展解决问题的教学.该文立足于应用题和解决问题的内涵,探讨解决问题的教育价值,并结合当今小学数学教学实际,提出了解决问题的教学建议.     

教授委员会:学术权力主导的高校内部管理体制

教授委员会制度是实现我国高校内部管理体制改革去行政化,从行政权力主导走向学术权力主导基本目标的可行模式。当前我国高校教授委员会制度仅作为学术体制存在,要真正实现从行政权力主导向学术权力主导的转变,需要重新变革和构建教授委员会组织制度,将其作为一种高校内部管理体制。作为高校内部管理体制的教授委员会制度,其应是内含治学的治校组织,定位应从参与走向主导,功能应在咨询的基础上强调决策。     

Student Management of Web-Based Hypermedia Resources During Open-Ended Problem Solving

Abstract

Twelve middle school students' use of computer tools to manage and manipulate Internet-based hypermedia resources was investigated. Tools were proposed to support higher order thinking about hypermedia resources to help students find, frame, and resolve open-ended science problems. Tools alone were insufficient to help students manage hypermedia information for solving open-ended problems. Students more frequently applied lower order tool functions (e.g., information collection) than higher order tool functions (e.g., reasoning). Students typically resolved problems with original solutions, but tools were used infrequently to develop evidence-based arguments justifying new ideas. Computer tools alone may be insufficient to help students manage extensive hypermedia resources. Together with additional support structures, however, tool potential may be realized.     

问题解决理论视角下师生冲突的处理

问题解决作为心理学一个重要的理论概念,对于处理师生冲突有重要的启发意义。将师生冲突看作是问题来解决,其影响因素有专家与新手的区别、知识表征方式、定势、功能固着、教师处理冲突的动机、教师的情绪、师生之间的关系等七个方面,师生冲突的处理过程可以借助问题解决的步骤来进行,同时问题解决过程中所运用的策略也有助于师生冲突的处理。