Statistical Learning of Orthographic Regularities in Chinese Children With and Without Dyslexia

This study examined distributional statistical learning of positional, phonetic, and semantic regularities of an artificial orthography in Chinese children aged 8–10 years: 29 with dyslexia, 29 age-matched controls, and 30 reading-level matched controls. Despite having positional regularity learning performance comparable to the controls, the children with dyslexia were poorer at learning left-right structured characters than top-bottom structured characters in high- and low-consistency conditions. Moreover, they showed difficulties in mapping a given sound or meaning to a specific character compared with the typically developing controls. These findings suggest that children with dyslexia have deficits in some, though not all, aspects of statistical learning of character orthography, which may reflect their difficulties in coping with distractors and inconsistency of orthographic input.     

Speech and Language Difficulties in Children With and Without a Family History of Dyslexia

According to recent psychological theories of situation model construction, readers routinely and quickly construct inferences that elaborate causal antecedents of explicit events in the text, but not inferences about causal consequences. The process of forecasting lengthy causal chains into the future is taxing on working memory, so these inferences are either not constructed or their construction consumes a comparatively large amount of reading time. This study collected self-paced sentence reading times from younger and older adults who read expository texts on scientific and technological mechanisms. Readers were also measured on working memory span, general world knowledge, reasoning ability, and reading frequency. Multiple regression analyses on the reading times revealed that (a) causal consequence inferences were more time consuming than causal antecedent inferences and (b) noncausal elaborative inferences were not constructed. The pattern of beta weights for inference variables was remarkably similar for younger and older adults and was unaffected by other measures of individual differences. The process of constructing causal inferences is therefore stable and predictable across different groups of readers.     

The Association of Rapid Temporal Perception With Orthographic and Phonological Processing in Children and Adults With Reading Impairment

Adults and children with reading impairment (N = 67) were administered a rapid auditory task, a rapid visual task, and a battery of orthographic and phonological tasks. Our results support a differential development model of reading disability that argues that deficits in rapid auditory ability in children are primarily associated with problems in phonological processing, whereas deficits in rapid visual ability in children are primarily associated with problems in orthographic processing (Farmer & Klein, 1995). In contrast to the children, the adults showed a strong relation between rapid auditory ability and both orthographic and phonological processing. These results suggest that continued deficits in auditory ability may have a pervasive and negative impact on word processing in general. In addition, adults did not exhibit a relation between rapid visual ability and orthographic-processing problems. Orthographic-processing deficits may result from a reading delay condition that can be overcome with increased reading exposure (Harm & Seidenberg, 1999).     

教师的朗读对EFL学生阅读习惯及阅读自动化的影响

该文采用实证方法研究了教师的意群朗读对EFL学生的影响，说明教师的朗读示范有助于培养学生意群阅读的习惯，促进其阅读自动化。     

Children Develop Initial Orthographic Knowledge During Storybook Reading

We examined whether young children acquire orthographic knowledge during structured adult-led storybook reading even though minimal viewing time is devoted to print. Sixty-two kindergarten children were read 12 storybook “chapters” while their eye movements were tracked. Results indicated that the children quickly acquired initial mental graphemic representations of target nonwords. This learning occurred even though they focused on the target nonwords approximately one fourth of the total time while viewing the pages. Their ability to acquire the initial orthographic representations of the target nonwords and their viewing time was affected by the linguistic statistical regularities of the words. The results provide evidence of orthographic learning during structured storybook reading and for the use of implicit linguistic statistical regularities for learning new orthographic word forms in the early stages of reading development.     

字体类型、字体大小对汉语阅读障碍儿童阅读速度的影响

文章基于汉字识别加工单位,以33名4—5年级的学生为研究对象,采用3×6的混合实验设计,探究字体类型、字体大小对汉语阅读障碍儿童阅读速度的影响。结果显示,字体类型、字体大小主效应显著,黑体字的阅读速度显著快于宋体字和楷体字,在18号字的阅读速度最快。字体类型与字体大小的交互作用显著,阅读障碍者在阅读宋体字时对字号的要求和字号变化的敏感程度高于楷体、黑体字。     

The Process of Stress Assignment in Reading Aloud: Critical Issues From Studies on Italian

In polysyllabic languages the assignment of stress is crucial for understanding the reading process. Here we review empirical evidence, drawn mainly from studies on Italian, and discuss critical issues in understanding reading. We first discuss the lexical and sublexical mechanisms responsible for stress assignment and propose that the former is based on item-specific knowledge and the latter on the statistical-distributional knowledge that readers have acquired about their language. Then we examine the idea that stress and phonemes pertain to two dimensions of the word, which can be placed at two different representational levels. Finally, we analyze the effects of stress assignment on word articulation, a promising field for future investigation. These issues are addressed by reviewing the studies conducted in adult and young readers to outline the developmental trajectory of stress assignment and discuss how it operates in the reading system.     

Modeling the Early Paths of Phonological Awareness and Factors Supporting its Development in Children With and Without Familial Risk of Dyslexia

The development of phonological awareness (PA) before school age was modeled in association with the development of vocabulary and letter knowledge, home literacy environment (HLE), children's reading interest, and beginning reading skill in children with and without familial risk of dyslexia. A total of 186 children were followed from birth to the age of 6.5 years. Of these children, about half had a familial background of reading difficulties (the at-risk group), and the other half came from families without such background (the control group). The data from several measures and assessment time points were analyzed within an SEM framework, and a latent analysis of growth curves was employed. Vocabulary and letter knowledge were found to predict PA development, and vice versa, PA predicted them. The effect of HLE on PA was mediated by vocabulary skills, and of the HLE variables, the only variable predicting vocabulary development was shared reading. In spite of the difference in level, favoring the controls, the pattern of effects of vocabulary and letter knowledge on PA development was highly similar in children with and without familial risk for dyslexia. However, in the at-risk group, the HLE variables and children's reading interest had stronger associations with each other and with skill development than in the control group, and vocabulary predicted parental reports on children's reading interest in the at-risk group only.     

Auditory Morphological Knowledge Among Children With Developmental Dyslexia

The aim of the present study is to examine the morphological knowledge of readers with developmental dyslexia compared to chronological age and reading-level matched controls. The study also analyzes the errors dyslexics make and their metamorphological awareness compared to controls. Participants included 31 seventh-grade dyslexic children and two matched control groups of normal readers: 34 seventh graders matched for chronological age and 32 third graders matched for reading age. Two tasks were administered via the auditory modality—morphological priming and morphological analogies task. We also performed error analysis and a metamorphological interview. Our analyses reveal that although dyslexics perform equally to chronological age matched controls on the priming task and similarly to reading-level matched controls on the morphological analogies task, their errors and metamorphological awareness are qualitatively different.     

透明文字阅读障碍儿童阅读流畅性的实验干预研究

相比于阅读正确性,透明文字阅读障碍儿童的阅读流畅性问题更突出。本文用多基线干预性混合实验设计,考察形-音联结和重复阅读两种训练对3~5年级不同水平维吾尔文阅读障碍儿童阅读流畅性的单独和综合干预效果。结果发现:(1)基线时,不同水平阅读障碍儿童的单词阅读正确性和阅读理解成绩不存在显著差异,但在阅读流畅性测验得分上严重阅读障碍儿童显著落后于一般阅读障碍儿童;(2)形-音联结和重复阅读两种训练分别提高了阅读障碍儿童的假词和真词阅读速度,两种训练结合使用时提高了阅读理解成绩,其中严重阅读障碍儿童的阅读理解成绩提高的更明显。     

剧本的朗读及例析

朗读是中学语文课堂教学的重要环节。一般教材、论著讲到朗读时 ,只是简单谈些原则 ,而本文却以《雷雨》片断为例 ,逐句加注了清晰直观的语调符号 ,给中学语文教师提供了最直接的帮助     

教师朗读对学生阅读理解的作用

通过对比,了解教师朗读对学生阅读理解产生的影响。实验组在阅读时伴随教师朗读,控制组自己默读,然后进行综合选择和故事结构两种测试。结果表明,实验组的成绩明显好于控制组。本研究证明,教师朗读可以促进学生对于文章的正确理解。     

Divergent Thinking in Italian Students with and Without Reading Impairments

Several studies have explored the relationship between dyslexia and creativity, but results have been rather mixed. This study examines whether Italian dyslexic children are more creative than their peers without a reading impairment. One hundred ninety Italian children aged between 9 and 13 participated in this study, divided into two groups: Ninety five dyslexic students and ninety five peers without a reading impairment. All the participants’ creativity skills were assessed. The results indicated that dyslexic children outperformed their peers in the total score, and in the originality, elaboration, and titles sub-scores, whereas no differences were found in the fluency and flexibility sub-scores. The results are discussed in relation to the practical implications, and provide indications for supportive learning environments.     

Modeling and Visualizing the Codevelopment of Word and Nonword Reading in Children From First Through Fourth Grade: Informing Developmental Trajectories of Children With Dyslexia

Developmental studies examining relations between word reading (WR) and decoding in typical and dyslexic populations routinely cut the reading distribution to form distinct groups. However, dichotomizing continuous variables to study development is problematic for multiple reasons. Instead, we modeled and visualized the parallel growth of WR and nonword reading (NWR) factor scores longitudinally in a Grade 1–4 developmental sample (N = 588). The results indicate that while WR and NWR growth factors are highly related (r = .71), the relation between WR and NWR trajectories change as a function of initial WR. Results are interpreted within computational models of dyslexia in which children with dyslexia overfit orthography → phonology relations at the level of the word, limiting the development of sublexical representations needed to read nonwords.     

于坚谈散文及朗读

20世纪进入中国对中国文化的影响是完全正面的,我的理论正试图回到散文上去,与读者是亲近的,插科打诨的把我的观点说出来,非逻辑的\无理之理,我不会再写那种纯粹的学院派的理论了,我觉得那种论文是对理的谋杀。中国那些伟大的论文,《老子》、《庄子》、《论语》和《文心雕龙》哪一篇是用现在这种制蜡的论文模式,语言写的?中国最伟大的论文莫不是散文式的,包括朱熹、王阳明。如果中国的20世纪的新文化影响的论文这个小传统不自我反省,想想被文革抛弃、毁灭的那个伟大传统,只是一味地模仿西方,是没有前途的。中国当代教育的严重危机就来自以那种论文模式为基础的考试制度。而西方最近的思想家例如福科、罗兰.巴特、德里达等无不试图把他们的论文写得非理性,非逻辑,散文化。     

The Effects of Read‐Aloud Accommodations for Students With and Without Disabilities: A Meta‐Analysis

Read‐aloud accommodations have been proposed as a way to help remove barriers faced by students with disabilities in reading comprehension. Many empirical studies have examined the effects of read‐aloud accommodations; however, the results are mixed. With a variance‐known hierarchical linear modeling approach, based on 114 effect sizes from 23 studies, a meta‐analysis was conducted to examine the effects of read‐aloud accommodations for students with and without disabilities. In general, both students with disabilities and students without disabilities benefited from the read‐aloud accommodations, and the accommodation effect size for students with disabilities was significantly larger than the effect size for students without disabilities. Further, this meta‐analysis reveals important factors that influence the effects of read‐aloud accommodations. For instance, the accommodation effect was significantly stronger when the subject area was reading than when the subject area was math. The effect of read‐aloud accommodations was also significantly stronger when the test was read by human proctors than when it was read by video/audio players or computers. Finally, the implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.     

朗读的层次性研究

本文从新修订的小语大纲切入，研究了感知层次的读，感悟层次的读，积累层次的读，以及这种教法的价值。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童词汇阅读的眼动研究

采用眼动研究方法,考察汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童在词汇阅读过程中的眼动特征,来确认他们在语素理解、语音和正字法加工中缺陷的眼动表现。结果显示:发展性阅读障碍儿童在多种任务上的正确率显著低于普通儿童,多项眼动指标的结果都有体现。这表明汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童语素理解、语音意识和正字法意识缺陷得到了眼动数据的支持。     

发展性阅读障碍儿童的阅读眼动研究及干预

眼动记录技术是探讨人阅读过程中的眼动行为与心理活动的一种重要技术手段.文章对发展性阅读障碍儿童阅读时的眼动行为指标进行分析梳理,结合正常儿童阅读过程中的眼动行为进行比较,探讨发展性阅读障碍儿童筛查方法、眼动特征,在此基础上分析发展性阅读障碍的发生原因并相应提出提高儿童阅读能力的干预措施.