Revised Push-Up Test Norms for College Students

A revised push-up test for college students was presented in 2002. The purpose of this study was to develop percentile norms for the revised push-up test when it is used with college students. Revised push-up scores collected on 177 male and 274 female college students were used to develop percentile norms. The norms for the men have a different push-up test score for each percentile point presented. The norms for the women have the same score (0 and 1) for several different percentiles presented. The size of the male and female samples in this study is adequate to obtain representative norms. The percentile norms presented can be used with college-aged men and women.     

基于GAMLSS模型的我国青少年体质健康评价指标百分位数分布曲线及参考值

目的：建立我国10~17岁青少年体质健康评价指标百分位数分布曲线及参考值。方法：通过文献资料、专家访谈、问卷调查、测试法对我国16个省份32个城市的288所中小学5 048名儿童青少年的各项体质健康指标进行数据采集,其中男性2 779名,女性2 269名。测试内容依次由反映身体形态、心肺耐力、肌肉力量、速度、灵敏、柔韧性的6个一级指标和9个二级指标构成,运用基于位置、尺度、形状的广义可加模型（GAMLSS）,在模型拟合中考虑年龄、性别等因素,建立青少年体质健康指标的参考百分位数曲线。结果表明,我国10~17岁青少年体质健康评价指标总体随年龄的增长显著提升,各相同年龄段男生的体质健康指标普遍优于女生,各项测试指标的变化呈现出一定程度的波动性特征且与年龄显著相关（P<0.05）。研究尝试构建了我国10~17岁青少年体质健康指标P5-P95百分位分布曲线与参考值。结论：研究所构建的百分位数曲线与参考值对于我国中小学生体质健康评价标准与常规模型参照体系的修订、体质健康数据库建立、学生身体素质的长期系统监测以及人才的选拔、培养与分流具有一定的借鉴价值。     

Physical Education “in All Sorts of Corners”

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to establish percentile norms and to compare skinfold and other anthropometric measurements of 647 Italian, Jewish, and Negro preadolescent boys from the Boston, Massachusetts area. Skinfolds were measured at five sites. Other measurements included height, weight, bi-iliac diameter, and selected girths.

Correlations were determined between skinfolds and selected body build components. Interskinfold r's ranged from moderate to high values. The largest percentile scores were found within the Jewish group. Analysis of variance was employed to compare the body fat, height, and weight of each group. Significant differences were found relative to certain skinfolds and weight between ethnic groups at the 1 percent level.     

Index for Volume 52 (1981)

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare fitness levels of children participating in a movement education (ME) program to Illinois fitness norms (control group). The AAHPERD Health-Related Fitness test was administered to children ages 7 through 12 during May in each of the three years, 1980–83. The skinfold measures showed that the ME children had more skinfold thickness regardless of age and gender. Scores for sit-ups and sit and reach over the three years for ME children showed that the 9- and 11-year-old ME males had more abdominal strength and 11- and 12-year-old ME females, less flexibility. Times in the mile run indicated that ME children were slower than the control group. Reference scores at the 50th and 25th percentile on the Illinois norm tables were located for each fitness measurement. These references were then used to determine the percentage of ME children who fell at or above the 50th percentile and at or below the 25th percentile. Data indicated that ME children need remediation in cardiovascular activity and reduction in subcutaneous fat.     

中国11省市大学生皮褶厚度测定与体成分分析

研究目的：建立我国大学生的肱三头肌和肩胛下皮褶厚度正常值并估测体成分。研究方法：对11省市17611名19～22岁男女大学生进行体成分分析并作分组差值检验,利用百分位数法建立正常值。主要结果和结论：我国大学生在皮褶厚度和体脂率、瘦体重等方面存在明显的城乡差异和地区间差异。体格发育和体成分指标间存在密切的相关关系。分别为男女生建立了两处皮褶厚度的百分位数正常值。建议：该正常值可广泛应用于对大学生人群进行营养状况评价,筛查肥胖和营养不良。     

A cross-sectional examination of the physical fitness and selected health attributes of recreational all-terrain vehicle riders and off-road motorcyclists

Abstract

The aims of this study were: (1) to characterize selected fitness and health attributes of two types of habitual recreational off-road vehicle riders – off-road motorcyclists and all-terrain vehicle riders; (2) to explore differences among riders in terms of vehicle type, age, and gender; and (3) to compare the fitness and health of riders to population norms and clinical health standards. Canadian off-road riders (n = 141) of both sexes aged 16 years and over were recruited through local and national off-road riding organizations. Anthropometry, fitness, and health measures of off-road motorcycle and all-terrain vehicle riders were compared with population norms, health standards, and physical activity guidelines. Off-road motorcycle riders had above average aerobic fitness (79th percentile), while all-terrain vehicle riders were lower than average (40th percentile). All riders had a healthy blood lipid profile and a low incidence of the metabolic syndrome (12.9%) compared with members of the general population. Off-road motorcycle riders had healthier body composition and fitness than all-terrain vehicle riders; however, the body composition of off-road motorcycle riders was no healthier than that of the general population and all-terrain vehicle riders were worse than the general population. Off-road motorcycle riders had healthier anthropometry and fitness than all-terrain vehicle riders and thus fewer health risk factors for future disease, demonstrating that the physiological profiles of off-road riders are dependent on vehicle type.     

Three dimensional musculoskeletal modelling of the seated biceps curl resistance training exercise

The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits and limitations of using three dimensional (3D) musculoskeletal modelling (LifeModeler) in assessing the safety and efficacy of exercising on a seated biceps curl resistance training machine. Three anthropometric cases were studied, representing a 5th percentile female, 50th percentile and 95th percentile male. Results indicated that the LifeModeler default model was not adequate to solve the forward dynamics simulations. Therefore adjustments had to be made to the default model to successfully complete the forward dynamics simulations. The software was able to sufficiently highlight the shortcomings of the biceps curl machine's engineered adjustability in relation to the anthropometric dimensions of the studied cases, as the 5th percentile female could not be accommodated suitably on the machine. High lumbar spine anterior/posterior shear forces for all anthropometric cases and maximum muscle tensions for the female and 50th percentile male indicate that the seated biceps curl exercise may pose risks for injuries. To conclude, it appears that 3D musculoskeletal modelling can be used to evaluate resistance training equipment such as the seated biceps curl machine. However the limitations as indicated by this study must be taken into consideration, especially when using the default LifeModeler model.     

关于百分位数精细计算方法的探讨

在区分百分位数类型、分析原始数据的基础上,对百分位数精细计算方法及其应满足的性质作了探讨,给出了一套根据原始数据计算的秩算法。     

我国优秀男子武术散打运动员技战术运用特征研究

在散打竞赛过程中技战术行动分类的基础上,运用文献法、专家访谈法、观察法等,对2010年全国男子武术散打锦标赛前8强和每个级别首轮被淘汰的运动员竞赛中攻守技战术运用情况进行统计与分析。研究结果显示:优秀散打运动员不同技战术使用较均衡,运用技战术手段掌握较全面,表现出竞赛中技战术意识明确,实现技战术手段使用丰富、合理的特征。在不同级别优秀运动员中,中级别运动员在抢攻技战术运用能力上强于大级别与小级别运动员;小级别运动员在防守反击技战术运用能力上强于中级别与大级别运动员。提出在今后的训练中,小级别运动员应加强抢攻技战术训练,大级别运动员应加强防守反击技战术训练,并把全面掌握抢攻与防反技战术手段训练贯穿于训练全过程。     

Three dimensional musculoskeletal modelling of the seated biceps curl resistance training exercise

The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits and limitations of using three dimensional (3D) musculoskeletal modelling (LifeModeler?) in assessing the safety and efficacy of exercising on a seated biceps curl resistance training machine. Three anthropometric cases were studied, representing a 5^th percentile female, 50^th percentile and 95^th percentile male. Results indicated that the LifeModeler? default model was not adequate to solve the forward dynamics simulations. Therefore adjustments had to be made to the default model to successfully complete the forward dynamics simulations. The software was able to sufficiently highlight the shortcomings of the biceps curl machine's engineered adjustability in relation to the anthropometric dimensions of the studied cases, as the 5^th percentile female could not be accommodated suitably on the machine. High lumbar spine anterior/posterior shear forces for all anthropometric cases and maximum muscle tensions for the female and 50^th percentile male indicate that the seated biceps curl exercise may pose risks for injuries. To conclude, it appears that 3D musculoskeletal modelling can be used to evaluate resistance training equipment such as the seated biceps curl machine. However the limitations as indicated by this study must be taken into consideration, especially when using the default LifeModeler? model.     

The relationship between motor skill proficiency and body mass index in preschool children

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between motor proficiency and body mass index (B/MI) in preschool children. Thirty-eight children ages 4-6 years had their BMI calculated and were assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2; Henderson, Sugden, & Barnett, 2007). These data were analyzed in two ways. The correlation between BMI and MABC-2 percentile ranks was calculated. Next, the groups were subdivided based on BMI status (high, M = 85.5; medium, M = 49.8; low, M = 10.8), and compared using t tests to determine if differences existed in MABC-2 percentile ranks. No significant relationship existed between MABC-2 and BMI percentile ranks (r = -.237). However significant differences in MABC-2 percentile ranks existed between high and low (p = .042), and high and medium (p = .043) groups. These results suggest that preschool children classified as overweight or obese may have lower motor proficiency than their normal weight and under weight peers. This study indicates there is a direct relationship between motor proficiency and BMI in the preschool population.     

“长三角”城市居民体育服务产品消费行为特征研究

“长三角”地区是我国社会经济发展最快的区域之一,该地区的体育产业已呈现出巨大的发展潜能。依托消费者行为理论,并通过实证研究的方式,对“长三角”地区的主要城市居民的体育消费行为特征进行研究,供参考。     

A method to assess the influence of individual player performance distribution on match outcome in team sports

This study developed a method to determine whether the distribution of individual player performances can be modelled to explain match outcome in team sports, using Australian Rules football as an example. Player-recorded values (converted to a percentage of team total) in 11 commonly reported performance indicators were obtained for all regular season matches played during the 2014 Australian Football League season, with team totals also recorded. Multiple features relating to heuristically determined percentiles for each performance indicator were then extracted for each team and match, along with the outcome (win/loss). A generalised estimating equation model comprising eight key features was developed, explaining match outcome at a median accuracy of 63.9% under 10-fold cross-validation. Lower 75th, 90th and 95th percentile values for team goals and higher 25th and 50th percentile values for disposals were linked with winning. Lower 95th and higher 25th percentile values for Inside 50s and Marks, respectively, were also important contributors. These results provide evidence supporting team strategies which aim to obtain an even spread of goal scorers in Australian Rules football. The method developed in this investigation could be used to quantify the importance of individual contributions to overall team performance in team sports.     

The Relationship Between Motor Skill Proficiency and Body Mass Index in Preschool Children

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between motor proficiency and body mass index (BMI) in preschool children. Thirty-eight children ages 4–6 years had their BMI calculated and were assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2; Henderson, Sugden, & Barnett, 2007). These data were analyzed in two ways. The correlation between BMI and MABC-2 percentile ranks was calculated. Next, the groups were subdivided based on BMI status (high, M = 85.5; medium, M = 49.8; low, M = 10.8), and compared using t tests to determine if differences existed in MABC-2 percentile ranks. No significant relationship existed between MABC-2 and BMI percentile ranks (r = -.237). However, significant differences in MABC-2 percentile ranks existed between high and low (p = .042), and high and medium (p = .043) groups. These results suggest that preschool children classified as overweight or obese may have lower motor proficiency than their normal weight and under weight peers. This study indicates there is a direct relationship between motor proficiency and BMI in the preschool population.     

综合治疗运动员腕舟骨骨折总结与思考

腕舟骨骨折是一种常见的运动损伤，因其早期临床症状不明显，常被误诊为腕关节软组织挫伤，贻误治疗。本文通过对运动员腕舟骨骨折的临床治疗观察与总结，认为正骨固定配合中药薰洗和功能锻炼治疗腕舟骨骨折效果最佳。对于运动员腕舟骨骨折的疗效判断采用患侧与健侧对比法，用关节运动幅度测量仪测量桡腕关节的运动幅度为指标较好。     

Determining the influence of the social versus physical context on environmentally responsible behaviour among cycling spectators

The paper explores the relationships between three factors and environmentally responsible behavioural intentions among cycling spectators: place attachment, subculture identification and subjective norms. Two categories of behavioural intentions are presented namely situational (while spectating) and future (before attending similar events). Analysis of covariance is used to test the relationships in a sample of 619 spectators from both road race and mountain bike events. The paper supports previous research highlighting the importance of the social dimension of sport spectating and the link to social norms that drive environmental behaviour. It also adds to existing research on place attachment as a precursor to environmentally responsible behaviour with reference to sport spectating.     

基于《国家学生体质健康标准》的中国大学生心血管耐力水平评价标准研究

监测和提高心血管系统的耐力水平是当前我国高校体育教学的一个重要目标,也是《国家学生体质健康标准》(以下简称《标准》)测试内容的重要组成部分。心血管耐力评价标准使用台阶试验(改良后的哈佛台阶试验)和中跑(1 000m/男,800m/女),两者在《标准》评价下是同一模块内容,也就是可以进行等同测试。研究的样本采自我国东部的一所综合性大学,使用了平衡样本,样本数N=978,其中男女各489人,将测试结果在《标准》的评价模式下,采用百分制得分计算,然后使用描述性与推论性统计进行分析:男性平均得分中跑75.85±14.886和台阶试验66.34±17.145;女性分别为74.30±15.323和72.35±9.374。独立样本T检验表明,男性在台阶试验上的得分差异性显著(p<0.05)强于女性在中跑得分上的差异性(p<0.05),通过配对样本T检验,我们发现男性在中跑上的得分与在台阶上的得分具有非常显著性差异(p=0.000<0.01),女性无显著性差异(P=0.014>0.01)。实验结果表明:等同测试的项目的台阶试验和中跑在评价标准上并不相同,研究试图在实验数据的基础上运用统计学方法,修订本模块测试标准,为决策者提供参考。     

Physical fitness percentiles for Portuguese children and adolescents aged 10–18 years

Abstract

This study aimed to produce age- and sex-specific physical fitness reference data for Portuguese youth; to report the prevalence of youth in the healthy zone of physical fitness according to the FITNESSGRAM^® criteria; to verify the agreement between the Portuguese physical fitness percentiles and the FITNESSGRAM^® healthy zones. In 2008, 22,048 Portuguese children and adolescents (10–18 years) were evaluated. Physical fitness (curl-ups, push-ups, 20-m shuttle run and modified-back-saver-sit-and-reach tests) was evaluated using the FITNESSGRAM^® Test Battery 8.0. Smoothed percentile curves were estimated using Cole’s LMS method. Boys consistently outperformed girls in every physical fitness test, except for the modified-back-saver-sit-and-reach tests. In both sexes and for all physical fitness tests, higher percentile values were observed at older ages. The 50th percentile of all physical fitness tests had the highest accuracy to discriminate between under healthy zone and healthy zone of the FITNESSGRAM^®. Portuguese schools and physical education teachers may considerer the 50th percentile for age and sex or the FITNESSGRAM^® criteria for classifying participants in the healthy zone as acceptable cut-offs, above which youth should be considered fit. These reference values can be used as normative data and for baseline values for subsequent surveillance of the physical fitness of Portuguese youth.     

基于灰色系统等数学方法的中、意职业篮球技术分析

运用灰色关联理论、SPSS统计分析和等级相关分析等数学方法,分析中国和意大利篮球职业联赛2005-2006赛季常规比赛临场技术统计指标,探讨两个独立比赛系统的胜率排名与技术指标的关联关系,以及竞赛结果分差段场次的等级划分特征和得、失分与名次顺序的相关属性值等问题。研究数据显示:中国篮球职业联赛绝大多数参赛队伍具有“重攻轻守”的技术表现特点,意大利篮球职业联赛参赛队比较注重防守技术环节;在比赛的激烈程度和观赏程度的方面,意大利联赛明显高于中国联赛;两个竞赛系统同时表明失分顺序与胜率排名的相关程度高于得分顺序与胜率排名。