Measuring Physical Activity in Preschoolers: Reliability and Validity of the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time for Preschoolers (SOFIT-P)

The purpose of this study is describe the initial feasibility, reliability, and validity of an instrument to measure physical activity in preschoolers using direct observation. The System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time for Preschoolers was developed and tested among 3- to 6-year-old children over fall 2008 for feasibility and reliability (Phase I, n = 67) and in fall 2009 for concurrent validity (Phase II, n = 27). Phase I showed that preschoolers spent >75% of their active time at preschool in light physical activity. The mean inter-observer agreements scores were ≥.75 for physical activity level and type. Correlation coefficients, measuring construct validity between the lesson context and physical activity types with and with the activity levels, were moderately strong. Phase II showed moderately strong correlations ranging from .50 to .54 between the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time for Preschoolers and Actigraph accelerometers for physical activity levels. The System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time for Preschoolers shows promising initial results as a new method for measuring physical activity among preschoolers.     

关于完善《体育(与健康)课程标准》的建议(下)——教学内容的规定性、评价、文本内容与形式

(接上文,见《体育学刊》2007年第3期)继续讨论《体育(与健康)课程标准》中体育教学内容的规定性和指导性、体育教学评价、课程资源开发、教学方法指导以及文本内容的增减等问题,认为在《课标》中应该加强对体育教学内容的规定性和指导性,加强对教学方法的研究,强化统一性的评价内容和方式,增加对体育课程资源开发的量和度的规定,文本可采用“标准本文 标准附件”的形式,最后归纳了修改完善的《课标》的整体思路。     

Development and Initial Validation of the Computerized Evaluation Protocol of Interactions in Physical Education

The purpose of this study was to delineate the development of the Computerized Evaluation Protocol of Interactions in Physical Education, a data collection program for multiple interaction behavior measures in elementary inclusive physical education settings. The theoretical and empirical base for the Computerized Evaluation Protocol of Interactions in Physical Education is described in a three-phase study presenting (1) development of 25 multi-component interaction behavior items from presented literature, (2) content related evidence of validity evaluated by international adapted physical education experts, and (3) strong evidence of convergent validity of the Computerized Evaluation Protocol of Interactions in Physical Education. Overall, the outcomes of multiple studies indicated that the Computerized Evaluation Protocol of Interactions in Physical Education demonstrates promise for the adapted physical education research and assessment by documenting interaction behaviors in elementary physical education environments.     

Ankle Accelerometry for Assessing Physical Activity Among Adolescent Girls: Threshold Determination,Validity, Reliability,and Feasibility

Purpose: Ankle accelerometry allows for 24-hr data collection and improves data volume/integrity versus hip accelerometry. Using Actical ankle accelerometry, the purpose of this study was to (a) develop sensitive/specific thresholds, (b) examine validity/reliability, (c) compare new thresholds with those of the manufacturer, and (d) examine feasibility in a community sample (low-income, urban adolescent girls). Method: Two studies were conducted with 6th- through 7th-grade girls (aged 10–14 years old): First was a laboratory study (n = 24), in which 2 Actical accelerometers were placed on the ankle and worn while measuring energy expenditure (Cosmed K4b2, metabolic equivalents [METs]) during 10 prescribed activities. Analyses included device equivalence reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC], activity counts of 2 Acticals), criterion-related validity (correlation, activity counts and METs), and calculations of sensitivity, specificity, kappa, and receiver-operating characteristic curves for thresholds. The second was a free-living study (n = 459), in which an Actical was worn for more than 7 days on the ankle (full 24-hr days retained). Analyses included feasibility (frequencies, missing data) and paired t tests (new thresholds vs. those of the manufacturer). Results: In the laboratory study, the Actical demonstrated reliability (ICC = .92) and validity (r = .81). Thresholds demonstrated sensitivity (91%), specificity (84%), kappa = .73 (p = .043), area under curve range = .81–.97. In the free-living study, 99.6% of participants wore the accelerometer; 84.1% had complete/valid data (mean = 5.7 days). Primary reasons for missing/invalid data included: improper programming/documentation (5.2%), failure to return device (5.0%), and wear-time ≤ 2 days (2.8%). The moderate-to-vigorous physical activity threshold (> 3,200 counts/minute) yielded 37.2 min/day, 2 to 4.5 times lower than that of the manufacturer's software (effect size = 0.74–4.05). Conclusions: Validity, reliability, and feasibility evidences support Actical ankle accelerometry to assess physical activity in community studies of adolescent girls. When comparing manufacturers' software versus new thresholds, a major difference was observed.     

从中日两国体育课教案试析体育教学中的集团(集体)问题

本文通过中、日两国中小学体育课教案的比较,分析两国在集团(集体)教育及体育教学指导思想上的区别。中国体育教学集团教育注重思想品德、集体纪律教育和偏重组织管理上的教育功能,而日本则注重学生在学习中互相交流和启发思考,把集团教育寓于教学内容之中的功能。两国在教学实践中,在集团教育的组织特点和形式上也有所不同。通过比较,取长补短,对我国体育教学改革有启示作用。     

素质教育与体育教学改革的发展

随着教育改革的深入发展，学校体育教育已向多功能、多目标系统方向发展。如何把体育教学纳入素质教育的多维空间进行研究，是学校体育教学改革中亟待解决的重大课题之一。素质教育是深化教育改革的必然趋势，因此，要把体育教学改革与发展纳入素质教育的轨道，就必须在教学内容、教学方法、教学手段等方面体现体育的教学改革的时代特征，三者的最佳组合是形成体育教学整体化优势的途径。教师为主导，学生为主体”的教学形式，是提高体育教学质量的关键；以培养现代人的素质为出发点，来选择教学方法，更利于丰富学生的心理活动和情绪生活，促使学生在德智体诸方面得到全面发展。     

重身与塑心:教学场域的体育教师非语言行为

目的 引起广大体育教师对于教学场域中非语言行为的重视,以便教师在教学中积极、主动地调控自身非语言行为,把运动能力、健康行为与体育品德有效地传递给学生.方法 针对C大学体育系"田径"实践课堂中的6个教学场域,18个主要课堂情境进行参与式焦点观察,归纳、总结教学场域体育教师的非语言行为并对其使用情境做深入探讨.结果 与结论...     

Factorial Validity and Reliability of the Curricular Goals in Physical Education Questionnaire

This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of an instrument designed to measure student perceptions of curricular goals in physical education, the Curricular Goals in Physical Education Questionnaire. Participants were 879 Finnish students from grades 7 to 9 (412 girls, 467 boys; mean age 13.81). An exploratory factor analysis was performed on Sample 1 (n = 287), revealing a four-factor solution and suggesting that factor structure be cross-validated with confirmatory factor analysis in Sample 2 (n = 592). Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated an acceptable fit and supported the four-factor model. Tests for gender invariance supported configural, metric, and scalar invariance. Analyses of factor mean differences indicated that girls attributed more importance than boys to physical education’s health-related goals, social and emotional learning, and motor skill development. This study confirmed the validity of the Curricular Goals in Physical Education Questionnaire to assess student perspectives on curricular goals across gender. In order to improve factor structure the authors suggest the addition of an item measuring skill acquisition to future versions of the instrument.     

Reliability and Validity of a New Physical Activity Self-Report Measure for Younger Children

The purpose of this study was to assess the test–retest reliability and validity of a new Youth Physical Activity Self-Report measure. Heart rate and direct observation were employed as criterion measures with a sample of 79 children (aged 7–9 years). Spearman's rho (ρ) correlation between self reported activity intensity and heart rate was .87 for weekday and .795 for weekend; the correlation between self-reported activity duration and duration as measured by heart rate were .837 and .684 for weekday and weekend, respectively. These correlations fell when recalled inactivity was excluded from analysis. A correlation of ρ = .557 was found between self-reported activity intensity and direct observation. Results establish support for the self-report measure as an effective tool for measuring the previous day physical activity of younger children.     

新中国成立以来我国体育教学目标、内容与评价的回顾与展望

采用文献资料调研法对建国以来我国体育教学目标、体育教学内容和体育教学评价等基本问题进行了回顾和反思 ,总结了建国以来体育教学目标、内容和评价的发展变化规律 ,揭示了它们在发展中存在的不足 ,展望了体育教学在新世纪的发展走向     

健康第一、终身体育、素质教育与体育教学

分析了健康第一、终身体育、素质教育的产生、发展及其对体育教学的影响。健康第一、终身体育与现代教育学理论是位于同一层次上的关系,素质教育与健康第一、终身体育、现代教育学理论是属于包容与被包容的关系。研究指出,健康第一、终身教育是体育教学实施素质教育的根本指导思想。     

Validity and Reliability of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ)

There is limited published validity and reliability evidence to support using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Two studies were conducted to evaluate validity and reliability evidence for the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. In Study 1: 69 adults completed the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (three months apart; n?=?54), International Physical Activity Questionnaire, fitness and anthropometric measures. All participants wore a pedometer and 53 participants wore an accelerometer for seven days at baseline. In Study 2, 16 adults completed the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire 10 days apart. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire moderate and vigorous minutes were correlated with the accelerometer moderate (r?=?0.28) and vigorous (r?=?0.48) physical activity. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and International Physical Activity Questionnaire were related for sedentary behaviors (r?=?0.51), moderate-to-vigorous (r?=?0.48) and vigorous (r?=?0.63) PA. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was associated with percent fat (r =??0.32), estimated VO₂ max (r?=?0.26), and step count (r?=?0.39). The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire demonstrated graded differences across categories for step count, body mass index, waist circumference, percent fat, fitness, and accelerometer measured activity. Short-term test–retest reliability (10 days) ranged from 0.83 to 0.96 while long-term reliability (three months) was 0.53 to 0.83. These data provide low-to-moderate validity and generally acceptable reliability evidence for the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire.     

计算机辅助教学(CAI)与体育教学

CAI技术和多媒体技术应用于体育教学，可以提高教学效果，激发学生对体育活动的兴趣，更新体育教学观念，提高教师教学能力，促进学生的学习积极性，加速知识的更新速度。多媒体课件研制的基本程序为：课件的选题、设计、编写和运行。     

学校智慧体育教学的优势、困境及发展路径

通过文献资料、访谈、逻辑分析与归纳等研究方法,解读学校智慧体育教学的概念,介绍智慧体育教学的案例,从更加提倡学生的主体地位、更能培养学生的创新思维、更易形成学生的终身体育意识、能够有效降低教学过程中意外事故发生概率4个方面分析了学校智慧体育教学发展的优势,并从宏观和微观两个层面详细论述了学校智慧体育教学发展的困境.最后...     

学校体育教学内容"移植"与"复兴"探幽

回顾中国近代学校体育史,不难发现民族传统体育逐渐让位于西方体育,这一结局虽然意味着中国传统体育文化在“移植”西方近代体育之后显得充实、丰富,但同时也标志着中国传统体育文化的衰落。学校是西方文明的输入口,学校也应成为东方文明的输出口。从实际出发,“复兴”民族传统体育,构建具有中国特色的体育教学内容体系,是面向新世纪我国学校体育改革的方向。     

浅析教育资源的开发与高校体育教学改革

普通高校体育教学资源方面的开发准则以及开发方法可以了解到,要想真正提高体育教学资源方面的效率,就必须应该对各所高校内部的体育教学资源进行更多的改革。想要对教育资源以及高校体育方面进行正确有效的改革,就必须增强对高校体育方面人员的栽培,也必须加强对于高校体育方面的管理,做到以上这些才能实现对教学方面的管理。     

探讨“体教结合”对我国高校体育的发展

运用文献法,分析“体教结合”基本内涵、背景以及高校在实施“体教结合”中存在的问题,并探讨落实“体教结合”的基本对策。实践证明,坚持竞技体育与教育相结合,科学训练,学训并重,走中国特色的“体教结合”道路,将有助于我国体育运动水平的提高。     

中学体操教学现状与体育教育专业普修课教学内容改革的研究

随着我国基础教育体育课程改革的深入推进,体育教育专业课程改革势在必行。采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法等研究方法,对中学体操教学现状与体育教育专业普修课教学内容改革进行深入、细致地研究,旨在根本上解决目前体操普修课教学偏重竞技性体操内容的传授、忽视开发体操健身等功能的课程模式,力图为体操普修课教学改革的深入进行提供理论参考。     

Development of an Instrument to Assess Fourth and Fifth Grade Students' Attitudes Toward Physical Education

The purpose of the authors in this study was to develop an instrument to assess fourth and fifth grade students' attitudes toward physical education. The methods for validation included (a) an elicitation study and instrument question development, (b) a pilot study, and (c) a series of analyses to assess, construct, and content validity and to assess reliability. Once data for 1,344 students were collected, an iterative process was completed using principal component analysis, exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and confirmatory factor analysis using structure equation modeling. Data analysis showed that the instrument fit two different models. The first model shows students' attitudes to be influenced by cognition and affect. The second model shows a 4-factor model comprised of cognition- teacher, cognition-curriculum, affect- teacher, and affect-curriculum. This study yielded an instrument with valid and reliable scores that can assess elementary school students' attitudes toward physical education.