美国华盛顿大学研究生培养对交通运输工程学科的借鉴

对美国华盛顿大学研究生培养的特色进行了总结和介绍,按照“如何做研究-研究选题-研究方法-成果展示”四个步骤进行了详细阐述。为提高交通运输工程学科研究生的培养质量,从引入《Transportation Seminar》、学科交叉培养、出国交流、课程设置和面对面讨论5个方面进行了具体讨论,以期为交通运输工程学科研究生培养提供借鉴和参考。     

Models of Competence and Teacher Training

The use of competence as a basis for the education and training of teachers has become commonplace. Department for Education (DfE) circulars 9/92 (DfE, June 1992) and 14/93 (DfE, November 1993) have indicated the way forward for competence‐based teacher training. This paper suggests that it is possible to identify three models of competence which seem to dominate research. The first is broadly behaviourist in its approach and depends largely upon the inculcation of domain‐specific behaviours. The second can be termed a process model, which attempts to map out the process of competent action in terms of flexibility. The third may be described as a cognitive model, since it attributes such importance to knowledge and understanding in underpinning competent action. Each of these models is examined in relation to certain key variables: their interpretation of knowledge and understanding, methods of assessment, and forms of training. A final section draws attention to important factors which operate in competent performance and which must be realised in any competency approach to the training and education of teachers.     

THE INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH,EDUCATION, AND PRACTICE IN GERONTOLOGY: SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND

This article focuses on the development of education relating to aging in a specific professional education program: social work at the University of Queensland. A brief outline of features of the aged population and services for the aged in Queensland, an Australian state, is given as a background for describing one approach to gerontology education with the University of Queensland social work faculty. The challenges and tasks of curriculum development in relation to gerontology in a generic undergraduate course are described. Specific training in gerontology at a theoretical and practical level is provided through field practicums in an institution for the aged and proposals to extend this to a community‐based practice research program for the aged are outlined. To give a combined approach to social work, current research programs relating to this program — social policy and aging — are described.     

回归方程在青少年篮球运动员选材中的应用

在篮球基层训练中,运动员的选材是训练成败的关键,选材成功可以取得事半功倍的效果。但一些教练在选材时仅凭经验和感觉,缺乏一定的理论依据和科学原理,理论与实践脱离或针对性不强的现象时有发生。为此,我们按照系统方法的理论,利用回归方程筛选出符合篮球运动发展趋势的、重要的、定量的指标,建立一定的数学模式,为各基层教练员在选材时提供参考。     

The Importance of Structure in Providing Uniform Quality in Mentoring/Induction Programs

This case‐study research investigated mentroing interactions at five elementary schools within a district‐wide, state‐mandated induction program. The subjects of the study were five mentor teachers and their five first‐year colleagues. A literal replication of cases described both the objective and subjective features of mentor/first‐year teacher interactions. Typologies were developed to illustrate types of interactions and mentoring styles. Results indicate that school and district administration, in order to facilitate successful mentoring, should develop a formally structured approach to the selection, training and assignment of mentors.     

基于类别的CHI特征选择方法

文本分类问题中,卡方特征选择是一种效果较好的特征选择方法。计算单词的卡方值时,先计算单词针对每个类别的卡方值,再通过类别概率将卡方值调和平均,作为单词相对于整个训练集合的卡方值,这种全局方法忽视了单词和类别间的相关性。针对这一问题,提出基于类别的卡方特征选择方法。基于类别的方法针对每个类别遴选特征词,特征词数量根据事先设定的阈值、类别的文档数和整个训练集合文档数计算得到,不同类别的特征空间可能包含相同的特征词。采用KNN分类方法,将基于类别的方法与全局方法进行比较,实验结果表明,基于类别的方法能够提高分类器的总体性能。     

White clinical psychology trainees' views on racial equity within programme selection in South Africa

The issue of diversity in both physical and epistemological access to programmes in higher education is an important concern worldwide. In South Africa, as elsewhere, access to professional clinical psychology training programmes is extremely competitive, and there is an important imperative to diversify the student profile. Perspectives of black students on access to clinical psychology training in South Africa have been extensively studied, but the views of white students are minimally documented. We interviewed four white professional clinical psychology trainees on their views about the role race plays in selection for professional training. Four major themes arose from the participants' responses: uncertainty versus transparency; internal shame versus external blame; race versus socio-economic status and language and relevance versus irrelevance. Participants expressed discomfort with selection procedures, and though there are several limitations to this study, such as the small sample size, the need to open the door to discussions on the frightening topic of race is essential for a socially responsible approach to future equity, diversity and representativeness in professional training in higher education in South Africa.     

高中奥赛训练如何影响拔尖 奥赛选手的创新能力？ ——基于对22名拔尖奥赛选手的质性分析

拔尖奥赛选手被视为拔尖创新人才早期识别、选拔与培育的焦点群体，但当下的高中奥赛训练如何影响其创新能力的问题未能得到充分的实证考察。基于对2013—2019年间22名学科奥赛获奖选手的访谈分析，探讨了高中奥赛训练对拔尖奥赛选手创新能力的影响机制，自主提炼了“参赛动机-教学环境-学习行为”理论分析框架：在特定的高中奥赛教学环境中，怀抱不同参赛动机的拔尖奥赛选手在学习自主性、外出开放性、刷题灵活性等因素中如何分配注意力和选择学习行为，决定了高中奥赛训练对其创新能力发展的影响性质。     

The Mathematics of Estimation: Possibilities for Interdisciplinary Pedagogy and Social Consciousness

The purpose of this article is to report on the importance of providing pre-service and in-service teachers with experience and specific training in critical thinking skills. The essential concepts in elementary mathematics curricula can be augmented to include and cultivate critical thinking skills that have tremendous ramifications for future leaders and for those who move on to more technical training. A sample problem, along with pre-service teacher responses, is used here to show the necessity and importance of this kind of training as the responses show clear evidence of a certain naivete on the part of these college level students. The responses do show evidence of budding social conscience in the students, but the level of expertise in critical thinking is not at all sophisticated. We discuss and explore the implications of our approach.     

职业院校实训教学的有效模式研究

在职业院校中,实训教学的地位是不言而喻的,而如何实施有效的实训教学模式则尤为重要。结合职业院校的工作实践,从资源共享、专业融合、教学工厂、＂双师＂队伍培养、优秀学生选拔等方面等进行了分析与探讨,提出了实训教学有效模式的具体思路。     

Problem-Based Learning

Abstract

Problem-based learning has been described for use in medical education and is thought to be a superior approach to traditional didactic methods. We describe the use of PBL as an innovative approach to the education and training of social workers on an interdisciplinary health care team. An actual PBL case is described, and a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages to this approach is presented. The use of PBL on interdisciplinary teams helps educate social workers to work effectively on teams, and educates other professionals about the social work role and how to utilize social work services effectively.     

PLC应用技术课程教学改革探讨

根据高职专业人才培养的目标与要求,对PLC应用技术课程进行改革。在培养学生学习兴趣;引入＂项目导入,现场教学＂的方法;选用教学软件;改进实验、实训方式等方面作了积极探索,力争在教学过程中培养学生的实践动手能力和工程实际应用能力。     

Communication skills programs that last: Face to Face and relapse prevention

Communication skills are basic to effective management. However, communication training programs must not only show evidence that the skills have been learned, but also demonstrate that this learning can be converted into effective on the job behavior. A communication skills program, Face to Face, based on the microtraining model, is described. This model has substantial empirical evidence of successful skill acquisition. A novel approach to skill transfer and retention, the relapse prevention model is proposed as a methodology for maintaining communication skills in the work setting.     

基于胜任特征的校长遴选与培训体系

校长胜任特征模型是指担任校长角色、完成校长岗位职责所需要具备的胜任特征的总和。基于胜任特征的校长遴选体系包括遴选标准、遴选标准的提炼、遴选流程、遴选技术等要素,基于胜任特征的校长培训体系包括培训需求分析、培训课程规划、培训行为设计和培训效果评估等要素。从解决我国中小学校长遴选、培训制度中存在的问题来说,这一模型具有重要的人力资源管理价值。     

Continuous training and wages: An empirical analysis using a comparison-group approach

Using German linked employer-employee data, this paper investigates the short-term impact of on-the-job training on wages. The applied estimation approach was first introduced by Leuven and Oosterbeek (2008). Wages of employees who intended to participate in training but did not do so because of a random event are compared to wages of training participants. The estimated wage returns are statistically insignificant. Furthermore, the decision to participate in training is associated with sizeable selection effects. On average, participants have a wage advantage of more than 4% compared to non-participants.     

The practice and products of communication inquiry and education

Communication is described as a discipline with an obligation to pursue any inquiry that will shed light on the process of life forces attempting a common union. A holistic perspective is cited as necessary to deal with the complexity and ambiguity this approach embodies: an approach that requires a recognition of both the art and the science of human communication. The ability to communicate effectively is termed fundamental for communication education. Consequently, for internal validity, both knowledge‐building and skills‐training are called for in the teaching of communication. For external validity, the discipline must strive to establish common understandings of its work and to send clear messages about the findings to those outside the field.     

Using Performance Indicators to Evaluate Training Effectiveness: Lessons Learned

There is always a general interest in the evaluation of the effects of training on the overall goals of an organization. This paper describes an approach being taken in the nuclear power industry concerning the effectiveness of training on safety. Several approaches to the development of performance indicators as means for monitoring this effectiveness are described. We conclude that the structured use of the opinions of subject–matter experts is virtually the only way to permit success.