Category Learning in Poor Comprehenders

ABSTRACT

Poor comprehenders (PCs) are characterized by poor reading comprehension despite intact decoding and general cognitive ability. Poor word meaning knowledge is one of the earliest deficits associated with a PC profile. We examined processes underpinning word learning in PCs using a category learning paradigm. Adolescent participants (20 typically developing [TD], 19 PC, ages 13–18 years) learned novel categories with two key manipulations: information type (verbal vs. nonverbal) and training type (directed vs. undirected). We found that PCs showed more benefit from directed training than TD individuals overall; however, both groups performed similarly when receiving directed blocks first. Moreover, when undirected training was received first, TD individuals showed better performance in directed as compared to undirected blocks, whereas PCs who receive undirected training first showed no significant difference between training types. Our investigation indicates that PCs may have different strategies for learning, especially when their attention is not externally directed toward relevant features.     

Levels of Comprehension Monitoring and Working Memory in Good and Poor Comprehenders

This paper reports two studies that investigate differences in comprehension monitoring skills between good and poor comprehenders. Two groups of 9– to 10-year-olds, who were matched for reading vocabulary and word recognition skills but who differed in comprehension skill, were selected. In the first study, in which the children were required to find anomalous words and phrases, the skilled comprehenders engaged in more accurate monitoring of sentence level anomalies (but not word level anomalies) than did the poorer comprehenders. In the second study, the comprehension monitoring task required the children to detect pairs of sentences, in short texts, that were contradictory. In addition, the working memory demands of the task were varied by placing the two items of inconsistent information either in adjacent sentences, or in sentences that were separated in the text by several others. As in the first study, less-skilled comprehenders performed more poorly on the detection task, but the difference between the groups was considerably more pronounced when the sentences were separated than when they were adjacent. In addition, the children were given a numerical working memory test, and the poorer comprehenders performed more poorly on this test. However, although working memory performance was related to performance on some of the error detection tasks, comprehension ability was also a good, and sometimes better, predictor. The results are discussed in terms of the different cognitive abilities that might contribute to efficient comprehension monitoring.     

论概念、范畴化及词的意义

运用认知心理学的范畴化、原型及图式等理论,探讨并补充符号、能指和所指之间的三角关系;并根据学者对词汇的意义的已有分类,进一步挖掘诸如概念等意义界定的深层次原委及影响;扩大对语言词汇诸多意义的理解深度和纬度.     

单词的社会文化意义与教学(英文)

由于文化差异,在中国和英语本土国家,单词的社会文化意义或指代必有不同。通过探讨单词的概念意义和联想意义,论述了社会文化意义的交际价值,强调了文化的重要性以及充分理解和正确运用单词词义在达成成功交际方面的重要性。     

英语短语词序及意义例释

《大学英语》精读教材第2册第4单元和《朗文当代英汉双解词典》中分别有这样两个句子:I should have to divide the class into three groups and teach them in turn at three different levels.我得把全班学生分成三个组,按三种不同的程度轮流给他们上课.You should turn in your unifonn when you leave the army.你离开军队时要交还制服.这两个句子中划线部分都由两个相同的单词构成,但由于它们的排列顺序不同,意义和语法功能亦完全不同.这种情况在英语中还有很多,如:     

运用语序虚词 准确表情达意

任何一种语言都有自己独特的语法手段，汉语主要用语序和虚词来表达语法意义。本文用大量实例说明语序、虚词在表情达意时所起的积极作用，要选用、慎用、巧用语序虚词。     

词义、概念与语文词典释义

词义与概念的关系在认识上存在着一定的分歧,根源在于人们对词、词义与概念三者的关系认识不清。词与概念的关系不同于词义与概念的关系,词义与概念既有同一性,又有本质的区别。这一理论观点对解决语文词典释义的相关问题起着重要的指导作用。     

隐喻 转喻和词义发展

本文从一种新兴的语言学理论——认知语言学的角度研究隐喻和转喻及其对词义发展所起的作用。文首先介绍认知语言学理论下的隐喻和转喻及其二者的区别与联系。提出隐喻和转喻是人类认知和思维的重要方式，指出词语意义的发展以度义项之间的联系在很大程度是由隐喻、转喻使然，最后。探讨了隐喻、转喻理论对外语教学的启示。     

浅析语素义与词义

本文试从单纯词和合成词两方面分析词义和语素义之间的关系.在现代汉语中,单纯词的词义是构成单纯词的语素的语素义,但构成单纯词的语素之义不一定都是单纯词的词义,词和语素的义项在数量上是不平衡的.而这种不平衡现象在古代汉语中往往不存在.合成词的词义和语素义之间的构成关系有组合和融合两种.同时分析在语素多义的情况下,词有可能是多义的,也有可能是单义的.     

英语反义同词现象及教学启发

英语反义同词现象是英语中一个很有意思的现象,简单来说,就是在同一个词汇当中包含两个相反或相对的义项。这种现象在中文里也有,不过本文重点探讨的是英语中这一现象及其教学启发。英语中的名词、动词和形容词中都有这种现象的例子。它们是学习的难点和教学的重点。教师在教学时可从不同角度切入,就其产生原因及典型例子进行阐述,帮助学生提高对该特殊词义现象的认识,更好地理解它,提高这一类词汇的运用能力。     

词的比喻义与“城”字现象

词语适应社会发展的需要，不断变化发展，变化发展的方式之一是在原词的基础上派生出新的比喻义。本文结合“城”字现象，从比喻的本质特点和结构形式阐明词的比喻义的产生过程和被社会接受的若干条件。     

试论我国高校档案信息化建设存在的问题及对策

21世纪人类将全面进入信息时代,高校档案应加快档案信息化建设以适应社会发展,高校档案信息化建设是带有深刻变革意义上的科技创新。推进高校档案信息化建设,已成为档案工作发展的必然选择和迫切需要。     

Social and Cultural Influence on Word Meaning

Different nations have different social cultures, and the social culture of every nation is developing with the development of the nation, language is greatly influenced by social culture, which enables language to possess national and historical characteristics. Word is the smallest, independent, meaningful linguistic unit of language. It can well reflect the national and historical characteristics. From synchronic aspect, the social and cultural influence on word meaning is mainly embodied in conceptual and associative meanings of word. The incorrespondence of word meaning is a phenomenon that exists in both conceptual and associative meanings of word among different languages. From diachronic aspect, the development of social culture causes some changes of word meaning to some extent. Therefore, social culture plays a key role in vocabulary learning and mastery of a language.     

语境与商务英语词汇理解(英文)

商务英语是随着全球经济的发展而出现的一门专门用途英语。在商务活动中正确理解商务英语的词义,对商务活动的正常进行十分重要。该文从语境的角度出发,阐述语境与英语词义的关系,从而借助语境理解商务英语词汇的含义。     

藏族“塔哇”一词探析

"塔哇"是藏文的汉译音,汉文文献对这一名词的理解并不一致。"塔哇"作为一个集合名词,或指代人,或指代地名。对"塔哇"的几种不同含义进行梳理,正确认识"塔哇"与寺院的关系,从而挖掘"塔哇"深刻的文化内涵。     

语境与翻译中词义的选择

篇章通常是一个有机的整体，语义连贯，语句关联。充分理解原是翻译的前提，有效落实译是翻译的关键。词是语言中可以自由运用的最小单位，而词义受语境的制约，脱离了具体语境，词义便无从确定。     

词的语用意义与语备意义关系的新思考

在参考已有成果的基础上,文章把词义重新划分为：语备意义和语用意义,提出的“语备词义”的名称,是用以描述处于静止状态下的词义。在实际的言语交际中,目的词除表达一定的语备意义外,又由于语境因素的影响,会发生某种变异,形成临时性的语用词义。两者的关系用简单的数学公式来表示就是：语用词义〉语备意义,包括：1．语用词义：语备意义＋临时附加义;2．语用词义≠语备意义,即语用词义=临时转义。     

英文报刊语境下词义的界定问题

外报外刊阅读是大学英语课程中的重点和难点。阅读英文原版报刊既有语言因素又有非语言因素的障碍。一些看似简单的常用词汇．在报刊这一特定媒体语境下。往往会得到相当灵活的运用。针对常见的三种灵活运用方式．即．反常规搭配、习语仿拟和特定情感色彩的生成,提出了相应的阅读理解策略。     

刍议汉译英中词义的抽象化

汉语经常使用具体形象的词语来表达抽象概括的概念。在汉译英实践中，对词义进行抽象化处理是获得理想译文的一种有效方法。从分析汉英思维方式、语言结构和文化三方面的差异入手，通过详尽的译例，探讨了词义抽象化在汉译英中的具体运用。