Effects of Principal Actor Time Structuring on Goal Attainment in Group Counseling

The purposes of this study were to determine whether clients' individual goal attainment was influenced by the structuring of principal actor time in a series of group counseling experiences and to discover the effects of such structuring on the therapeutic climate in the groups. Subjects of the study consisted of a combination of 84 university and high school students. Data for the study was obtained from responses to a behavioral goal questionnaire and the Truax Relationship Inventory. A multivariate analysis procedure was used to test for differences in individual goal attainment between structured and unstructured groups and in the level of the therapeutic relationship achieved between groups. Structuring of group counseling through the use of principal actor time did not result in differential goal attainment between clients of structured or unstructured groups. Neither was any significant difference noted in the measured therapeutic relationship achieved between counselors and clients of the respective groups.     

An Investigation of the Validity of Empathy Measures

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among several instruments that purport to measure empathy in the counseling process. The results from a correlational and factor analysis indicated a positive and significant relationship between certain measures used in this study. One of the Cline Opinion and Attitude tests, the Dymond-Smith Model, the Accurate Empathy Scale, the Relationship Questionnaire, and the Discrimination Index appear to measure a construct called interpersonal communication. Other Cline Tests and the Discrimination Index appear to measure other constructs not related to the Rogerian definition of empathy.     

Emotional Intelligence and Implications for Counseling Self‐Efficacy: Phase II

The authors present Phase II of a 9‐month study of the relationship between emotional intelligence and counseling self‐efficacy. One‐hundred eighteen counselors‐in‐training and professional counselors completed the Counseling Self‐Estimate Inventory (COSE) and Emotional Judgment Inventory (EJI). There was a significant correlation between 2 of the EJI scales (Identifying Own Emotions and Identifying Others' Emotions) and 4 of the 5 COSE scales. Students' perceived counseling self‐efficacy showed a significant gain when compared with that of professional counselors over the 9‐month period. Results support findings of Phase I (W. E. Martin, C. Easton, S. Wilson, M. Takemoto, & S. Sullivan, 2004), which indicated that emotional intelligence may be a unique construct inherent in persons who are preparing for careers as professional counselors.     

共情理论在新时代辅导员工作中的运用研究

近百年前,人本主义创始人罗杰斯提出“共情”这一概念,指的是体验他人内心世界的能力,等同于“同感、同理心、投情”的意思。当前,高校辅导员工作在构建和谐校园的进程中发挥着越来越重要的作用。在辅导员工作中适当引入共情,实现辅导员与学生的心理换位,搭建师生情感交流的平台,引导学生改善认知结构,实现教育内容的真正内化,达到教育工作的目标效应,发挥共情在高校辅导员工作中打破交流屏障、平复逆反情绪、消除心理障碍等作用。同时,高校辅导员工作应遵循一定的方式、方法,将共情的理念、方法、原则、功能等融入高校辅导员工作,切实做到以换位求理解、以入情求入心、以指引求启发、以目标求效果。     

率真·大气·哲理——夏吟及其诗集《一滴血的温度》述评

从率真处世与率真诗歌、大气处世与大气诗歌、哲理处世与哲理诗歌三个方面,结合夏吟诗歌创作个案,在论述了处世与作诗相辅相成的辩证关系的同时,述评了夏吟诗集《一滴血的温度》率真、大气、哲理的独特诗歌魅力。     

Effects of Group Counseling on Self-Reports and on Self-Recognition Abilities of Counselors in Training

This study attempted to demonstrate the effects of group counseling with prospective counselors. Two hypotheses were tested: (a) Group counseling is associated with changes in self-reports of counselors in training; and (b) Group counseling increases self-recognition abilities of counselors in training. To test hypothesis one, study and control group scores on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule and the Motivation Analysis Test were compared using analysis of covariance. Hypothesis two was tested by applying selected criteria to the subjects' choices of personality sketches that were “most like me.” The first but not the second hypothesis was confirmed. Discussion relates the findings to previous research and notes the minimal nature of the differences between the study and control groups.     

Ethical Orientation of Counselors: Its Relationship to Moral Reasoning and Level of Training

This article presents results of a study of the relationship between stage of ethical orientation and stage of moral reasoning for counselors at four levels of training and explores the relationship between ethical orientation and contributions to professional and social action organizations. The findings indicate that ethical orientation is significantly associated with moral reasoning, counseling experience, and number of contributions. Implications of these findings for theory building and counselor education are discussed.     

Applying Cultura in the Community College Counseling Practice

Latino students represent the fastest-growing population in the state of California, the United States, and the California Community College (CCC) system. Unfortunately, compared to other ethnic groups, Latino community college students continue to lag academically. Given the importance of counseling services and the scarce research related to community college students and community college counseling services, this study explored how 26 first-generation, low-income, Latino community college students perceived, negotiated, and developed a relationship with their community college counselor. Using a qualitative grounded theory research design, participants’ counseling experiences were captured through face-to-face semistructured in-depth interviews, and a theoretical model was developed. This study extended the literature on the importance of community college counseling services in assisting and motivating students to reach transfer and graduation and emphasized students’ positive and negative counseling experiences. The research findings suggest a need to improve community college counseling services. Thus, based on the research findings and other published research, this study proposes a set of the following: (a) guidelines for applying cultura (culture) to community college counseling that can assist relationship building between students and counselors; (b) questions that can be included in students’ evaluation of counselors; (c) counselor interview questions that may elicit behavioral response and assess cultural competence; and (d) community college students’ preferred counselor characteristics that may be used by hiring committees.     

Client Perceptions of Counselors With and Without a Practicum

The Counseling Evaluation Inventory (CEI) was used to elicit information about the relationship between secondary school counselors with and without a practicum and their clients. The 167 counselors who volunteered for this study represented a 61 percent return. Analysis of variance procedures were used to test the difference between counselors with and without a practicum and to test the influence of age, teaching experience, counseling experience, and sex on these results. The results indicate that counselors with a practicum experience are rated significantly higher on the CEI than counselors without a practicum. When the factors of age, years of counseling experience, years of teaching experience, and sex were partialled out, client ratings of counselors with a practicum continued to be rated significantly higher than client ratings of counselors without a practicum.     

A Method of Self-Evaluation for Counselor Education Utilizing the Measurement of Facilitative Condition

A pretest-posttest control group design was used to test the value of employing four psychotherapeutic interaction scales for self-evaluation. The counselor-offered conditions of empathy, non-possessive warmth, genuineness, and intensity of interpersonal contact were self-evaluated by 44 counselors following their counseling interviews. These evaluations were compared with supervisors' evaluations of the tape recorded sessions. Findings showed that (a) the gain in offered therapeutic conditions was significant on all scales for the experimental group but on only two scales for the control group; (b) the amount of gain for the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group on only one scale (Empathy); (c) counselor/supervisor evaluations showed highly significant concurrent validity; and (d) basic counselor personality orientations such as self-concept strength and defensiveness generally showed no correlation with accuracy of self-evaluation on the scales.     

高校新生军训时期辅导员的角色定位

军训是大学生进入大学的第一门课程,也是大学生思想政治教育的有效载体,在整个军训过程中辅导员发挥着至为重要的作用。根据军训的任务和要求、基于大学生的基本特点,军训辅导员充当着思想政治教育的实施者、军训工作执行者、心灵引导者、学生的保护者等各种角色,辅导员恰当的角色定位和功能发挥,有利于增强军训的教育效果,形成教育合力,促进大学生的全面发展和成长成才。     

School Counselor Preparation in Kenya: Do Kenyan School Counselors Feel Adequately Prepared to Perform Their Roles?

School counselor training in Kenya is a relatively new phenomenon. This study examined Kenyan school counselors’ perceptions of the adequacy of their preparedness to perform their roles within the school setting. The survey was administered to 105 school counselors in four counties. The findings revealed that Kenyan school counselors perceived themselves as being adequately prepared; however, participants revealed deficiencies in their preparation and ability to deal with a wide range of student issues. Implications of these findings to the training of school counselors and counselor training programs are discussed.     

高校辅导员职业化发展层级建构

根据《高校辅导员职业能力标准（暂行）》规定,结合组织学习理论和模式,对高校辅导员职业化、专业化发展进行探究性的层级勾勒,按照初、中、高级辅导员的专业发展进行系统阐述。认为辅导员职业发展深深依托于学校组织管理体系,不同层级的辅导员职业发展水平与高校组织管理的学习水平有直接的关系;深层分析不同层级辅导员行为的内在行为逻辑,可以为辅导员职业化发展搭建必要的实施平台提供参考依据。     

Further Exploration of the 16-PF and Counselor Effectiveness

This study reexamines the relationship between the Sixteen-Personality Factor (16-PF) Questionnaire and counselor performance ratings. The 16-PF was administered to 30 full-time counselor trainees. Supervisor ratings of counseling effectiveness in practicums were correlated with raw scores of counselors on the 16-PF. Data revealed that the pattern of relationships indicated by significant correlations is not consistent across this and three other studies using the 16-PF. The results of this study and the reanalysis of previous studies indicate that it would not be advisable at this time for counselor educators to identify or predict effective counselors on the basis of the 16-PF.     

Self–Efficacy Pathways Between Relational Aggression and Nonsuicidal Self–Injury

The authors recruited college students (N = 648) and investigated relationships among academic and social self–efficacy, relational aggression from parents and peers, and nonsuicidal self–injury (NSSI). Results indicated that both types of self–efficacy were related inversely to NSSI. Academic self–efficacy mediated the relationship between parental emotional abuse and NSSI, whereas social self–efficacy mediated the relationship between peer victimization and NSSI. Clinical implications of these findings for college counselors are discussed.     

Issues and Problems in the Group Supervision of Beginning Group Problems

This article explores the process of supervising prospective group counselors in terms of the problems and the issues counseling students present during group practicum. In it, group counselors express concerns about (a) establishing a trust relationship with both their supervisors and their peers, (b) assuming a group leadership position, (c) establishing a satisfactory co-leadership relationship, (d) knowing when and how to disclose information about themselves to their counseling groups, and (e) integrating theory and practice. It is suggested that the process of supervision take into consideration the common set of issues that beginning group counselors face and that supervision be an active rather than a reactive process. The article also presents methods for conceptualizing and conducting the practicum for group counselors.     

Sibling Temperaments, Conflict, Warmth, and Role Asymmetry

The association between sibling temperament combinations (activity and adaptability) and qualitative aspects of the sibling relationship were examined, including in-home observations of sibling positivity/warmth, negativity/conflict, social engagement, and role asymmetry and older sibling perceptions of warmth/closeness, conflict, and status/power. The sample consisted of 67 same-gender, school-aged sibling pairs. Highest levels of negativity/conflict occurred when both siblings were high in activity and when the older sibling was rated as more active than the younger. Conflict was lowest when both siblings were low in activity. Warmth/positivity was greatest when both children were similar in activity level. Siblings were more socially engaged when the the older sibling was more adaptable than the younger. Perceived status/power was greatest when younger siblings were low in adaptability. When between-temperament-dimension relationships were examined, observed conflict was greatest when older siblings were high in activity and younger siblings were nonadaptable. Gender and age-related findings are also reported. Findings highlight the importance of identifying the complex ways in which varying dimensions of sibling temperaments combine to influence specific aspects of the sibling relationship.     

Children's perceptions of the qualities of sibling relationships

Although many studies of family constellations exist, only recently have investigators begun to examine the qualities of sibling relationships. The purpose of the present investigation was to develop a systematic framework for describing and assessing such relationship qualities. In the first study, upper elementary school children were interviewed about their perceptions of the qualities of their sibling relationships. These interviews yielded a list of 15 salient qualities. In the second study, a self-report questionnaire that assessed their perceptions of these qualities was administered to a sample of 198 fifth- and sixth-grade children. A principal components analysis yielded 4 underlying factors: (a) Warmth/Closeness, (b) Relative Status/Power, (c) Conflict, and (d) Rivalry. Relative Status/Power was found to be strongly related to the relative ages of the child and sibling. The other 3 factors were also related to various family constellation variables, but these relations were modest in size. Because family constellation variables and the qualities of sibling relationships are not isomorphic with one another, it is important to study relationship qualities directly, rather than simply examining family constellation variables. Some of the determinants of such qualities are discussed.