法国校园禁用手机法案的成效与争议

2018年法国国会表决通过了《3～15岁学生在校园内禁止使用手机的法案》,其实早在2010年法国就出台过相关法案,但本次禁机令要求更加严格。目前,法国已超过90%的学生拥有手机,但不当使用给学生带来了手机上瘾症、网络欺凌、学业成绩下降等问题。由于上述原因以及欧洲委员会手机禁令的倡导,法国最终颁布了该法案。法案实施后,学生已经逐渐适应,课堂纪律得到很大的改善,学生课后相互交流和运动的机会大大提高。不过,在实践中也遇到了手机如何存放与管理、家长与孩子如何及时联系等问题。     

Introducing the Children Act

Many readers may not yet be aware of the provisions of the Children Act 1989. It comes into effect next year and offers both challenges and opportunities for teachers and other professionals as well as for children with special educational needs and their families. Philippa Russell, principal officer, Voluntary Council for Handicapped Children, summarises some of the main sections of the Act and those most relevant to education.     

丹麦职业教育与培训体制的新结构

丹麦国会于1999年通过了《职业教育与培训法案》(第234号),并于2001年起实施。该法是实现改革的重要政策性文件。其主要目标是要提高职业教育质量,培养人才以及鼓励企业和院校之间组织相互间的学习活动。此次改革标志着对职业教育与培训技术课程的又一次革新。     

Changes in the polish system of teacher education since 1972

Starting from the “Teachers' Rights and Duties Act” of 27th April 1972, a milestone in the thirty years' history of teacher training in the People's Republic of Poland, the paper outlines the differences and problems resulting from the second World War and the subsequent rapid increase in the demand for teachers. This exposition is supplemented by a table showing the number of pupils and students per type of school and university in the periods 1950–51 and 1973–74, and the number of teachers per type of school and university in the same periods. To overcome the difficult situation in teacher training, efforts were made since 1967, especially by the “Educational and Psychological Sciences Committee”, to design and implement a uniform academic education system for teachers at all types of school. The recommendations made in this connection were adopted by the Sejm (the Polish Parliament) in the “Charter of Teachers' Rights and Duties”. At the same time higher rates of pay for all categories of teachers were introduced. The new curricula for the uniform four-year study courses leading to the Master's degree have been applied since the academic year 1973–74. The proportions and contents of the individual study sectors are listed.     

Inclusive Learning: the Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the postschool education of those with learning difficulties and/or disabilities,in England, 1996

ABSTRACT

The Report, Inclusive Learning (1996), is the result of a three‐year enquiry into the educational needs of and provision for adults with disabilities and/or learning difficulties in England. It arose from the requirement of an Act of Parliament, in 1992, that the new national funding council for further education should ‘have regard’ for such students in all its work of funding, development and evaluation. The Committee commissioned some fundamental research into the nature and extent of provision, the actual and potential demand for further education and the current requirements of law, and also reviewed existing academic research (chiefly in English‐speaking countries). It took extensive evidence in many modes and, in particular, created a series of workshops in which the students and their advocates could speak for themselves. The outcome was the main Report and summary, together with six supplementary publications. The core of the Report is the notion of ‘inclusive learning’, which places the responsibility for providing appropriate education with the teachers, the managers and the system (ultimately, with society), rather than problematizing the student as one with a deficit. A good education system is not merely about offering access to what is available, but also the making of what needs to be available accessible: the moulding of opportunity. Thus the Report concentrates on a theory of learning and its educational consequences. It represents another step towards embracing students with learning difficulties and/or disabilities unequivocally within the general approach to learning appropriate for all students. This article summarizes the main lines of analysis and argument in the Report and its framework of recommendations to the Further Education Funding Council, teachers, managers, voluntary organizations and to the government.     

澳大利亚高等教育资助制度改革新策略--《2003年高等教育支持法案》解析

2003年12月澳大利亚议会通过了《2003 年高等教育支持法案》。针对高等院校提出了联邦拨款计划、其他拨款和联邦奖学金拨款三种拨款形式,对学生应承担费用的贷款制度和全额付费学生的贷款制度进行了改革。《法案》力图通过改革经费资助制度来促进整个高等教育系统合理发展,促进高等教育的多样化,并保障不同经济背景的学生接受高等教育。《法案》还试图通过拨款使联邦政府对高等教育的管理在自由与调控之间取得一种平衡。     

浅议苏格兰的议会

1999年苏格兰议会正式成立,它具有广泛的立法权限及其他处理地方事务的权力。同时1998（（苏格兰法案》也规定了苏格兰议会越权立法的防范机制。苏格兰议会的设立加快了苏格兰的立法进程,也实现了苏格兰人民的自我治理。     

浅议苏格兰的议会

1999年苏格兰议会正式成立,它具有广泛的立法权限及其他处理地方事务的权力。同时1998（（苏格兰法案》也规定了苏格兰议会越权立法的防范机制。苏格兰议会的设立加快了苏格兰的立法进程,也实现了苏格兰人民的自我治理。     

Special Education in Parliament

In addition to the Commons debate on special educational needs reported in the September issue, the final weeks of the last session of Parliament brought questions from Members of Parliament on such issues as funding under the recently enacted Further and Higher Education Act 1992, provisions related to pupils with physical disabilities in Wales and the league table of local educational authorities spending most on special education. At the time of writing Parliament had only just reconvened.     

The Influence of Teachers in the Operation of Basic Schools in Iceland1

The governance of basic schools (grades 1–10) in Iceland was transferred from state control to municipal control in 1995 with a new Basic School Act. This transfer was in line with the emphasis on school‐based management that was stressed in the Act. This policy was criticised by many, including teachers and their union representatives. Research indicates that basic principals are very pleased with their new working environment, but showed indication of dissatisfaction amongst teachers. Accordingly, it was of interest to investigate how this policy has influenced the working environment of basic school teachers: Has it facilitated increased autonomy of schools? Has it enhanced participative decision‐making and co‐operation amongst teachers? What kind of pressures and expectations has it generated from parents and municipal educational authorities? A questionnaire was sent to a sample of 750 teachers during the spring of 2005. The findings indicate that there seems to be a gap emerging between the perceived professional independence of schools and the professional independence of teachers. This study also indicates that the general teacher wants to be more involved in decision‐making in his/her school in areas such as development projects, in‐service planning and distribution of financial resources. The study also shows that external demands and pressures on teachers have increased considerably, particularly in urban areas.     

The degree to which students and teachers are involved in second-level school processes and participation in decision-making: an Irish Case Study

The Education Act (1998 Education Act. 1998. Dublin: Government Publications. [Google Scholar]) is a key policy document in Irish education, emphasising the rights, roles and responsibilities of key stakeholders, including parents, teachers and pupils in schools. Since 1998 the Department of Education and Skills (DES) has stressed the need to introduce an increased role for teachers and pupils in decision-making. It is therefore timely to explore the response of teachers and students to such a collaborative school environment in a rural second-level school of approximately 600 students. Transition year (TY) students (ages about 15–16) and their teachers were surveyed by questionnaire and interviewed. It finds that while the school is proactive in involving students and teachers in decision-making, a source of social, personal and professional empowerment, experienced teachers, and students in particular, want a more substantial voice. For example, most students want more say. They want class discussions or a vote, not just Student Council (SC) representation, on important and not just trivial issues. They want involvement before decisions are taken, with more feedback. Overall, participation is considered important by all stakeholders.     

Non-university sector of higher education closer to the labour market: the Polish experience

Higher education in many countries has been influenced by major factors of change due to globalization and reinforced by the development of internationalization, competition, new and different social demands, strategic importance of higher education as a business, etc. As a result of a tremendous growth in the number of students, higher education is moving towards 'mass studies'; in many cases, this is not coupled with proportional increases in expenditure on education, thus lowering the quality of education. Many countries are trying to solve this problem by developing two sectors of higher education, which may be called 'university sector' and 'vocational/non-university sector'. While the mission of the university sector is to educate intellectual élites, higher vocational education schools should, in principle, offer mass education at the undergraduate/first-stage level. Both types of higher education institutions are needed, and thus one could not speak of any subordination of one sector to another. In 1997 the Polish Parliament passed the Act on Vocational Higher Schools. The Act served as the basis for the establishment of the Accreditation Commission for Vocational Higher Schools, which has the task of laying down educational standards and defined conditions which should be met in order to establish and provide courses in specific vocational specialization as well as staff requirements for such specialization. Furthermore, standards were introduced for teaching facilities and curriculum contents. During the 3 years since the introduction of the Act, 16 public higher vocational education schools and 44 non-public higher vocational schools have been established.     

Special Education in Parliament

During the two months between the opening of the present session of Parliament and the Christmas recess, questions about the effects of the 1988 Education Reform Act on children and young people with special educational needs were more numerous than previously in the House of Commons. Many of them came from Mr Gerry Steinberg, Labour MP for City of Durham, former special school headmaster, who has been active on Parliamentary committees related to special educational needs.     

美国中小学教师队伍开放化建设的新模式——美国“教学过渡规划”的内容与实施

中小学教师短缺与整体质量欠佳,一直是制约美国基础教育健康发展的主要瓶颈之一,其直接原因是封闭的教师教育模式培养迟缓和专业训练不足所致。为了从根本上扭转这一困局,美国国会在《不让一个孩子掉队》法案中专项设立了"教学过渡规划"。联邦政府据此启动了教师队伍开放化建设新模式:符合法定条件的参与机构为贫困地区和短缺学科直接招募、再培训和充实具备高资格的教师。现已在充实贫困地区和短缺学科教师队伍规模及其质量提升方面初见成效。     

Reflections on policy and practice of inclusive education in pre‐primary schools in Cyprus

In July 1999 the House of Parliament in Cyprus passed the Education Act for Children with Special Needs, according to which all children have the right to be educated in their neighbouring regular school together with their age‐mates. An important component of this law is that it introduces, for the first time, inclusive education into pre‐primary education. A child can be considered as having special needs only when he/she has attained the age of 3 years or older. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the policy of inclusive education is implemented in pre‐primary schools in ­Cyprus, to investigate whether some children are still marginalized (after the implementation of the new law) and, if they are, to identify factors influencing marginalization or acting as a barrier to inclusion. We also briefly present the results from a study we conducted that supports the discussion of the issues raised in this paper.     

Beyond the backchannel: tweeting patterns after two educational conferences

Mathematics teachers are using Twitter as a backchannel at conferences. Understanding whether teachers are using Twitter differently at traditional conferences like the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) Annual as compared to new conference models like TwitterMathCamp (TMC) is important. Tweets surrounding the 2015 NCTM Annual and TMC2015 were collected and analyzed to determine the differences in tweeting behavior of the mathematics teachers. Our results showed teachers use Twitter in common ways, despite the attention placed on social media at new conferences.     

从美国各州执行《不让一个孩子掉队法》和《障碍者教育法》看特殊教育教师培养

美国特殊教育教师的职前和在职培训一向较受重视,在历次教育改革中多有涉及。美国各州在执行《不让一个孩子掉队法》、《障碍者教育法》时,对特殊教育教师的职前和在职培训方面的具体做法既有共同之处,又略有差异,其中不乏我国特殊教育教师培养可以借鉴的经验。     

英国废奴原因的若干理论解释

1807年,英国议会通过禁止奴隶贸易的法令,延续数百年的罪恶买卖在英国被宣布为非法,延续数十年的英国废奴运动取得阶段性成果。1833年,英国正式废除奴隶制。对英国的废奴运动及其成功的原因,在不同的时期,学术界有着从不同角度出发的各种解释,如从道义上、经济上、文化上等。当前,人们更倾向于某种复杂的、多种因素共存的理论路径。     

Special Education in Parliament

A projected fall of five per cent in the number of children in special schools in England from 1989 to 1992 was forecast in a written answer to a question in the House of Commons recently. The Elton Report and the Education Reform Act also prompted questions from Members of Parliament.     

绿党在欧洲一体化中的地位与作用

绿党是近 30年在西欧兴起的一支新的政治力量。它自一诞生就参加了欧洲议会选举 ,并最终成长为欧洲议会中第三大政治力量。绿党在经济、社会、安全、外交等各项政策上提出了一系列与其他政党不同的主张 ,对欧洲一体化建设产生了明显的影响。进入 2 0世纪 90年代后半期 ,绿党在欧盟 5个国家加入了联合政府 ,并渗透到欧盟委员会、部长会议等重要决策机构当中 ,对欧盟决策的影响越来越大