边境少数民族地区教育脱贫攻坚政策实践与效能研究

边境少数民族地区能否顺利脱贫是我国脱贫攻坚取得全面胜利的关键环节,也是国家安全、区域经济发展与社会和谐的重大议题。地形地貌限制、机会与资源有限且分配模式相对固化是其贫困文化的内核。本研究以云南省怒江傈僳族自治州和德宏傣族景颇族自治州两个边境少数民族地区的教育脱贫攻坚政策实践为例,阐释了边境少数民族地区的贫困特征与特殊挑战,从杜绝因学致贫、阻断代际贫困、促进民族团结、辐射边境教育等方面分析了教育脱贫攻坚政策的效能,并指出教育脱贫攻坚政策的设计与实施基本是按照教育外部因素和内部因素两层逻辑展开。     

Intersecting barriers to adolescents’ educational access during COVID-19: Exploring the role of gender,disability and poverty

This article explores the social determinants of adolescents’ access to education during the COVID-19 pandemic in three diverse urban contexts in Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Jordan. It provides novel empirical data from the Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence longitudinal study, drawing on phone surveys (4441), qualitative interviews with adolescents aged 12–19 years (500), and key informant interviews conducted between April and October 2020. Findings highlight that the pandemic is compounding pre-existing vulnerabilities to educational disadvantage, and that gender, poverty and disability are intersecting to deepen social inequalities. The paper concludes by reflecting on policy implications for inclusive distance education in emergencies.     

New era or old times: class,gender and education 1

This paper argues that past debates concerning class influences on education in the UK were inadequate because they disregarded girls' and womens' values and life patterns. New analytic frameworks involving a synthesis of gender, class and other social formations are needed to develop an understanding about how changing patterns of wealth and poverty and/or recent British educational reforms have affected student learning and life‐chances; and therefore how inequalities may be challenged. The paper draws on a range of sources including a recent study of the impact of recent British education policy changes on gender relations in schools.     

Inequality in Ethiopian higher education: reframing the problem as capability deprivation

The revitalization of Ethiopian higher education (HE) has been underway since the early 2000s. As well as the economic optimism evident in the ‘knowledge-driven poverty reduction’ discourse, social equity goals underscore the reform and expansion of the system. Notwithstanding the widening participation and the equity policy provisions put in place, the problem of inequality has persisted along the lines of ethnicity, gender, rurality and socio-economic background. This paper reviews major equity policy instruments and highlights the enduring inequalities in Ethiopian HE. It argues that this persistence is related in part to the ways in which the problem is represented in policy, and that redressing the problem necessitates framing inequality as capability deprivation rather than as issues of access and disparities in enrolment.     

Global campaigns for girls’ and women’s education, 2000–2017: insights from transnational social movement theory

ABSTRACT

Recent decades have witnessed a growing number of global campaigns on girls’ and women’s education, including major global policy initiatives such as the MDGs and the SDGs. While scholars have critically analysed the conceptualisations of gender, equality and development in such campaigns, and their significance for national level policy and practice, less has been written about why and how girls’ education came to be such a high profile feature of international policy frameworks. This paper draws on perspectives from transnational social movement theory, which has been used by gender scholars to explore the activities and significance of non-governmental organisations for agenda-setting at the global level. In this paper these perspectives are applied to the field of global education policy, through an analysis of evidence from international conferences, data on aid flows and interviews with key policy actors, to explore the factors behind rise of the global agenda on gender equality in education. In doing so, it suggests that the current dominant framing around girls’ education, access and quality, may be explained by the relatively weak involvement of non-governmental women’s groups in proportion to the strong involvement of multilaterals, bilateral agencies, national governments and more recently, private sector organisations.     

Life at the margin: education of young people,social policy and the meanings of social exclusion

This paper explores the term ‘social exclusion’ in the context of new social and education policies being constructed in the UK. It examines the links with terms such as ‘poverty’, ‘deprivation’ and ‘equality’ and the implications of policy developments for those identified as socially excluded. Tensions and contradictions appear to be emerging between the UK government's stated policy intentions to address social exclusion, and local knowledge and experience. Issues of power, market power, participation and inclusiveness are explored specifically in the context of education. The paper draws on research being undertaken in a deprived inner-city area with voluntary sector organizations that provide education for marginalized young people.     

广西基础教育扶贫政策体系的基本特征

基于国家教育扶贫政策的演变逻辑和广西的教育贫困实际,广西的基础教育扶贫政策逐渐囊括了教育补偿的资助体系、学校发展的援助体系、教师队伍的补充体系、教育信息化的发展融合体系等独具特色的教育扶贫内容,在政策逐步落实并不断完善的过程中形成了具有自身特色的经验特征:以贫困学子为中心的价值取向、以教师发展为核心的扶贫体制、以学校建设为支撑的扶贫平台、以信息技术为基础的扶贫手段。     

Colonial legacy, women’s rights and gender-educational inequality in the Arab World with particular reference to Egypt and Tunisia

One aspect of the call for democracy in the recent Arab region uprisings is the issue of women’s rights and gender equality. Three cultural and ideological forces have continued to shape the gender discourse in Arab Muslim-majority societies. They are: “Islamic” teaching and local traditions concerning women’s roles in a given society; Western, European colonial perception of women’s rights; and finally national gender-related policy reforms. This paper examines the past and present status of women and gender-educational inequality in the Arab world with particular reference to Egypt and Tunisia, prior to and post colonialism. Special attention is given to colonial legacy and its influence on gender and education; to current gender practices in the social sphere with a focus on women’s modesty (hijab); to international policies and national responses with regard to women’s rights and finally to female participation in pre-university and higher education. These issues incorporate a discussion of cultural and religious constraints. The paper demonstrates similarities and differences between Egypt’s and Tunisia’s reform policies towards gender parity. It highlights the confrontation of conservative versus liberal ideologies that occurred in each country with the implementation of its gender-related reform policy.     

Possibilities and Limits for Democratisation in Education

This paper aims to consolidate the major themes which emerge from the contributions to this special issue on democracy and education. It traces links between democracy in education and wider social formations, and charts possible directions for the processes of democratisation. It asks whether such moves are just a 'democratic face' to mask economic neo-liberalism, or represent real shifts towards social justice and equality. The paper looks first at the connections between democratisation of schooling and three dimensions of the social structure in a country: the political system and governance; wealth and poverty; and gender relations. It draws the obvious conclusion at this point that education is necessary but not sufficient to achieve radical change in these areas. Secondly, the paper synthesises nine of the emergent processes and avenues for democratisation in education: definitions of democracy; legislation and policy for democracy; decentralisation of education; teacher education; teacher unions and networks; governing bodies and parental participation; student associations and networks; partnerships with outside agencies; and research. The conclusion raises another set of questions about strategy within education, with so much clearly depending on the history of democracy (or its absence) in a country, and on what sorts of definitions, networks and allegiances are possible. Internationalisation and 'cosmopolitan democracy' will certainly become increasingly important in establishing the values involved, and comparative education has a significant role to play here.     

A critical review on studies of relationship education in the gender equity education of Taiwan: 10 years and beyond

With discourse analyses, this paper attempts to review the research development of relationship education in Taiwan for nearly a decade after the Gender Equity Education Act was announced in 2004, including the research topics generated, the knowledge accumulated, and the results achieved. This paper focuses not only on how the power and impacts of the academic institutions evolves through the production process of knowledge from the research, but also on how the gender perspectives are placed or filled into the discourses. Tracking and reflecting on the discourses and the development of relationship education researches in Taiwan, this paper aims to examine the interwoven effects and influences that social cultures, structures, and institutional power play on the knowledge production and research development of relationship education. The trajectory of Taiwanese experience illustrates a good example for policy making and legislative initiatives in legislative procedures in regard to certain gender knowledge and subjects. It is essential to utilize and coordinate the national resources and academic institutions with further awareness for the direction and promotion of gender knowledge in order for the education and research to root, grow, and prosper.     

Education and anti-poverty: Policy theory and strategy of poverty alleviation through education in China

Countries around the world have adopted different policies to address the global issue of poverty, though their poverty line varies. China has achieved remarkable results in poverty alleviation through education. Aware that poverty eradication must rely on intellectual support, the country has shifted its anti-poverty theory and policy actions from a passive, one-off poverty reduction mode based on ‘blood transfusion’ to an active and sustainable mode aimed at improving the ‘blood making’ capacity of the poor population, namely the Chinese mode. Education is the fundamental way of such a mode. China has always focused on nine-year compulsory education in implementing anti-poverty policies; conducted classified and tiered efforts in education against poverty and made policies more targeted; adopted diverse policy instruments and shifted the focus from subsidy to educational capacity building; developed quantified poverty alleviation indexes to set standards for policy evaluation; and included education against poverty into the national anti-poverty strategic plan. China will further advance poverty alleviation through education, and form a unique and effective anti-poverty mode, so as to contribute to the building of a community of shared future for all humankind.     

Democratising higher education in Ghana and Tanzania: Opportunity structures and social inequalities

This article is based on an ESRC/DFID funded research project on Widening Participation in Higher Education in Ghana and Tanzania: Developing an Equity Scorecard (http://www.sussex.ac.uk/education/wideningparticipation). There are questions about whether widening participation in higher education is a force for democratisation or differentiation. While participation rates are increasing globally, there has been scant research or socio-cultural theorisation of how different structures of inequality intersect in the developing world. Questions also need to be posed about how higher education relates to policy discourses of poverty reduction and the Millennium Development Goals. The article explores participation in higher education, utilising statistical data and life history interviews with students in two public and two private universities. It focuses on how gender and socio-economic status intersect and constrain or facilitate participation in higher education. Findings to date suggest that opportunity structures reflect social inequalities.     

日本教育反贫困的政策逻辑与实践路径

儿童贫困是世界各国面临的共同难题.日本自2013年起先后制定了《儿童贫困对策推进法》与《儿童贫困对策大纲》,建立了以教育为先、四位一体的综合政策体系,旨在通过教育赋能消除贫困代际传递.政策重点在于扩大学前教育及高中阶段教育机会,采用服务支持与现金支持结合的形式,政府主导、社会力量参与保障政策资源.纵向完善了贯穿学前教育...     

精准扶贫视角下新型职业农民教育的矛盾及解决思路

立足国家实施乡村振兴战略与高职院校百万扩招的时代背景,大力培育新型职业农民成为以精准扶贫为导向的职业教育的核心内容。高中毕业生、退役军人、下岗失业人员、农民工等群体可被纳入到新型职业农民培育体系之中。精准扶贫视角下新型职业农民教育存在三对矛盾关系:一是精准扶贫与新型职业农民教育的体系矛盾, 二是其他教育对象与新型职业农民的客体矛盾, 三是新型职业农民教育不同对象之间的矛盾。可以从依托国家的政策性保障、引入精准扶贫的教育理念、融合职普教育、引入多元化的教育供给方式以及深化产、教、学相融合等方面来解决这些矛盾,促进各类教育对象向新型职业农民转化。     

高职院校贫困生资助管理的现状与对策研究

高职院校贫困生问题日益突出,国家、社会、学校在物质方面给予了极大的帮助,但资助管理、心理健康教育、受资助后思想教育等方面存在不足。本文从管理学、心理学的角度探讨贫困生的现状和思想教育,着力分析其原因,在资助管理、心理教育、受资助后思想教育和心理辅导等方面探讨解决方法,从而使贫困生在物质、心理上双脱贫,使贫困生的管理真正做到规范化和人性化。     

Social Welfare,the Neo‐conservative Turn and Educational Opportunity

This essay examines the educational opportunities of people in poverty who receive social welfare assistance. The dominant political theory underlying social policy (including education policy) in the United States has evolved from 1960s and 1970s welfare liberalism into 1980s and 1990s style neo‐conservatism—a theory that embraces principles of the market and individual liberty as paramount social values. Against this backdrop, I review two recent books that provide compelling evidence for this turn and I call for increased understanding of the relationship between social welfare policies and higher education opportunities for those in poverty.     

‘We’re not going to suffer like this in the mud’: educational aspirations,social mobility and independent child migration among populations living in poverty

This article examines the association between formal education, social mobility and independent child migration in Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh), Peru and Vietnam and draws on data from Young Lives, a longitudinal study of childhood poverty and schooling. It argues that among resource-poor populations, child migration sustains kin relations across generations and households and also facilitates children’s progression through the life-course, thus it is fundamental to social reproduction. It reasons that formal education has greatly amplified this trend. Schooling has acquired symbolic value as the prime means of escaping household poverty and realising ambitions for social mobility. As such, elevated educational aspirations combine with systems shortcomings to stimulate school selection, school transfer and school-related child migration. The article concludes by examining the implications for children, for social reproduction and for policy.     

后脱贫时代民族地区教育扶贫的困境与优化策略

教育是促进民族地区经济社会发展与个体生活质量改善的重要力量。在后脱贫时代,探求民族地区教育扶贫现状有助于优化教育的社会功能与民生功能。民族地区教育扶贫面临与经济社会发展欠协调、民族文化内生力量被忽略、民生改善主体性待提升等现实困境。民族地区教育扶贫的困境源于教育扶贫目标窄化、教育扶贫制度不健全、学校教育职能单一、地方课程开发与实施不力。注重教育扶贫的民生价值取向,转变教育扶贫政策重心,优化学校教育类型结构,加强培养民族成员的文化主体性,是推进民族地区教育扶贫的现实策略。     

民族地区教育精准扶贫评估指标的构建及其分析架构

教育精准扶贫是党和政府为建设小康社会而实施的一项举措。民族地区教育精准扶贫是国家精准扶贫战略工程的重要组成部分,其脱贫攻坚效果直接影响小康社会的建设及中华民族伟大复兴的进程。但现实中的精准扶贫因客观及主观原因的多元化及复杂性,而可能面临脱贫与返贫的交替性困境,如何评价民族地区教育精准扶贫成效,不论是政府或是学界都应有较为客观的指标或体系。目前不少研究或落地政策在评价脱贫时,往往将实时实地的入学率或受教育程度作为指标,而忽视了可能导致其返贫的代际教育能力、教育投入及其所处的社会文化氛围问题。因此,本文尝试从社会学理论视角,构建扶贫脱贫的评估指标。