试谈美国英语和英国英语的语法差异

虽然美国英语和英国英语具有共同的语法体系,但在某些语法形式上存在着一定的差异,了解这些差异将有助于我们准确地使用英语,并更有效地同英、美人士进行交际.     

Educational Records: II Some sources for the History of English grammar schools

Soviet Education for Science and Technology. By Alexander G. Korol. Pp. xxv, 513. London: Chapman and Hall, 1957. 68s.

The Development of Education in Canada. By Charles E. Phillips. Pp. xiii, 626. Toronto: W. J. Gage and Company Ltd., 1957. 6½ dollars.

La Scuola Italiana dal 1870 al Giorni Nostri. By Dina Bertoni. Jovine. Pp. 500. Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1958. 3500 lire.

The Revolution in Education. By Mortimer J. Adler and Milton Mayer. Pp. 224. University of Chicago Press and Cambridge University Press, 1958. 28s.

Adolf Reichwein: eine politisch‐pädagogische Biographie. By James L. Henderson, translated and edited by Helmut Lindemann. Pp. 224. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags‐Anstalt, 1958. No price.

Psychology and Teaching. By H. S. N. McFarland. Pp. 232. London: Harrap, 1958. 12s. 6d.

New Opportunities for Deaf Children. By I. R. and A. W. G. Ewing. Pp. 145. University of London Press, 1958. 15s.

Eleven‐Year‐Olds Grow Up. By John S. Macpherson. Publication XLII of the Scottish Council for Research in Education. Pp. xxiii, 186. London: University of London Press, 1958. 15s.

What Happened to Religious Education? The Decline of Religious Teaching in the Public Elementary School, 1776–1861. By William Kailer Dunn. Pp. xv, 346. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press; London: Oxford University Press, 1958. 40s.

Secondary Modern Schools: an Interim Report. By H. C. Dent. Pp. xvi, 207. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1958. 15s.

Other Schools and Ours. By E. J. King. Pp. xiv, 234. New York: Rinehart, 1958. 24s.

Sociological Review, Monograph Number 1: Papers on the teaching of personality development. Pp. 132. University College of North Staffs, Keele, July 1958. 12s.

The Growth of Logical Thinking. By Barbel Inhelder and Jean Piaget. Pp. xxiv, 356. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1958. 32s.

Education through Art. By Herbert Read. Pp. 352. London: Faber &; Faber, 3rd revised edition, 1958. 35s.

The Education of the Individual. By Alfred Adler. Pp. xi, 143. New York: Philosophical Library, 1958. 3½ dollars.

Friends and their Children. By Harold Loukes. Pp. 128. London: Harrap, 1958. 9s. 6d.     

英国中小学“社会与情绪学习”课程述评*

近年来,儿童与青少年的情绪与心理健康问题日益突出,发达国家与发展中国家同样面临严峻挑战。2007年联合国儿童基金会的研究报告中将英国儿童评为欧洲最不幸福的儿童,引起了英国政府的高度重视。同一年,英国引进了国际组织CASEAL开发的“社会与情绪学习”课程,在缓解儿童与青少年情绪与心理健康问题上取得了良好的效果,所采取的应对措施和成功经验,值得我国学习借鉴。     

英国学校"以生为本"办学理念的落实与体现

英国学校“以学生为本”的理念体现在:根据学生的需要与发展来设置课程;尊重、关注学生的差异,进行分层教学;校园文化的建设关注学生的内涵发展;强调与学生的对话,让学生参与学校事务,注重学生主体作用的发挥。     

The Psy-Security-Curriculum ensemble: British Values curriculum policy in English schools

ABSTRACT

Framed as being in response to terrorist attacks and concerns about religious bias in some English schools, ‘British Values’ (BV) curriculum policy forms part of the British Government’s Counter-Terrorism and Security Act, 2015. This includes a Duty on teachers in England to actively promote British Values to deter students from radicalisation. This paper, first, traces the history of Britishness in the curriculum to reveal a prevalence of nationalistic, colonial values. Next, an ensemble of recent policies and speeches focusing on British Values is analysed, using a psycho-political approach informed by anti-colonial scholarship. Finally, we interrogate two key critiques of the British Values curriculum discourse: the universality of British Values globally, and concerns over the securitisation of education. Findings indicate that the constitution of white British supremacist subjectivities operate through curriculum as a defence mechanism against perceived threats to white privilege, by normalising a racialised state-controlled social order. The focus is on ‘British’ values, but the analytic framework and findings have wider global significance.     

构式语法及在其框架下的语言习得

从认知语言学层面上建立的构式语法近年来受到了语言学研究的关注,本文从理论上探讨了构式语法所具有的认知基础及其构式的特点,认为虽然构式语法有一定局限性,但是把它应用在语言习得教学的语法习得和习语习得中是可行的,并且构式语法对于提高学习者语言认知能力、拓展语言学的研究都是有启示的。     

Young people's comparisons of cross-gender and same-gender bullying in British secondary schools

Background: Data-based decision-making in education often focuses on the use of summative assessment data in order to bring about improvements in student achievement. However, many other sources of evidence are available across a wide range of indicators. There is potential for school leaders, teachers and students to use these diverse sources more fully to support their work on a range of school improvement goals.

Purpose and sources of evidence: To explore data-based decision-making for school improvement, this theoretical paper discusses recent research and literature from different areas of data use in education. These areas include the use of formative assessment data, educational research study findings and ‘big data’. In particular, the discussion focuses on how school leaders and teachers can use different sources of data to improve the quality of education.

Main argument: Based on the literature reviewed, an iterative model of data use for school improvement is described, consisting of defining goals for data use, collecting different types of data or evidence (e.g. formal data, informal data, research evidence and ‘big data’), sense-making, taking improvement actions and evaluation. Drawing on the literature, research insights are discussed for each of these components, as well as identification of the research gaps that still exist. It is noted that the process of data use does not happen in isolation: data use is influenced by system, organisation and team/individual level factors.

Conclusions: When it comes to using data to improve the quality of teaching and learning, it is evident that some of the most important enablers and barriers include data literacy and leadership. However, what is less well understood is how we can promote the enablers and remove the barriers to unlock, more fully, the potential of data use. Only then can data use lead to sustainable school improvement.     

马建忠语法观优劣论

《马氏文通》是我国第一部语法著作。《文通》孕育了“句本位”思想,创立了词法、句法分立的语法体系,客观总结了古汉语语法规律,在语言学史上具有不可忽略的地位。《文通》的主要缺点是句成分设置残缺不全,语法概念自相矛盾。     

Dimensions of motivation and approaches to learning in British and Hungarian secondary schools

This study compares two contrasting conceptualizations of motivation in relation to approaches to studying. The Hungarian conceptualization involves three domains of school motivation — affective, cognitive, and moral — which have been operationalized through a Likert-type inventory. A British and Swedish conceptualization has identified differing approaches to learning which are associated with contrasting forms of motivation — intrinsic, extrinsic, achievement, and fear of failure. Again these constructs were operationalized in terms of an inventory. Modified parallel versions of these inventories have been given to samples of secondary school pupils in Britain and Hungary. Factor analyses showed almost identical factor structures, in line with the two initial conceptualizations, but with little overlap between them.     

Invisible wounds: Corporal punishment in British schools as a form of ritual

This article examines a presumed historical association between corporal punishment and the British "ruling class," taking as data the elaborate forms of beating practiced at a well-known English fee-paying boarding school in the 1950s and here documented in detail. Analogies with other forms of ritual studied by anthropologists are considered, as well as the psychosexual dynamics of beating for both officiants and victims. The paper argues that ritual corporal punishment must be seen in retrospect as a clear case of child abuse that is both physical and sexual. Such rituals of authority, though virtually abolished in Britain, may well exist in a different form in present day residential institutions for children in some Third World countries that have borrowed from now outdated European practices.     

The association between private tutoring and access to grammar schools: Voices of Year 6 pupils and teachers in south-east England

England has experienced recent growth in the prevalence of private tutoring (PT). The qualitative study reported in this article aims to explore the perceptions of 14 Year 6 pupils and their teachers from three state-maintained primary schools in East Kent on PT participation and its impact on grammar school admissions. Data were collected through individual and focus group interviews and pupils' drawings. The data revealed that teachers were not totally aware of the scale of PT in their classes and ascribed PT merely to parental decision to prepare their child to pass the 11-plus, grammar school entrance test. However, some pupils indicated that they shared in the decision to have PT, affirming that it was not only for 11-plus test familiarisation and practice. PT also contributed to greater pupil confidence, involvement and enthusiasm for learning, together with improvement in social interactive skills (i.e. intangible benefits). Both teachers and pupils also explained the disadvantages of PT, including the psychological and financial burdens on the whole family and changing the playing field level. Teachers proposed some solutions to help Year 6 pupils without PT. From this qualitative study, pedagogical implications as well as areas for ongoing research are suggested.     

Artificial grammar learning in pigeons

In two experiments, we developed a new methodology for studying complex stimulus control by spatial sequences of letters generated by artificial grammars. An artificial grammar is a system of rules that defines which letter sequences or strings are “grammatical.” In Experiment 1, pigeons learned to respond differently to strings conforming to a grammar versus strings that were nongrammatical distortions. Several different criteria all suggested that performance was controlled both by some short chunks of strings shared between reinforced training strings and novel transfer strings and by more complex sequential regularities. In Experiment 2, pigeons quickly and accurately learned to respond differently to strings conforming to one or the other of two different artificial grammars. As in Experiment 1, performance was controlled both by some short chunks and by more complex sequential regularities. The results are interpreted in terms of family resemblance and pose new goals for theories of complex stimulus control.     

浅谈大学俄语语法教学的方法

俄语作为世界上最美的语言之一,也是世界上最复杂的语言之一。其复杂性充分体现在语法的变化多端。语言的本质是交际工具,人们在交流思想的时候,只能够说出单个的单词是不够的,必须依照语言所固有的规律将词组合成句子,也就是当词汇接受了语法支配的时候,才有实际可能表达出思想。因此,要想学好俄语,掌握俄语语法至关重要。本文结合个人以及身边学习俄语的人的学习经验,从传统教学方法和新式教学方法两大方面总结出一些使学生较容易接受和理解的俄语语法教学方法。     

浅谈语篇中的语法

语法在英语教学中有着很重要的地位,但对于语法的教授方法的争论却一直没有停止。语法与语篇的关系是相互的,语法的教学应置于语篇当中。语篇中的语法隐含了说话者的意图,如能从语法中推测出这层意图便有利于对语篇的理解。同时要理解语法作出合理的推测则需要借助上下文的信息。因此应把语法教学置于语篇中才能让学生通过语法获得交际能力。