敦煌文献中的姓氏与郡望

我们一般所认为的“百家姓”中的诸姓，如赵、钱、孙、李等姓，实质上按姓的本意来说只能叫作“氏”，而不能称为“姓”。姓的成因只有一种，即“女生为姓”（郑樵《通志》）。真正意义上的姓（古姓）是不多的，见于《春秋》的有22个，顾炎武说：“言姓者本于五帝，见于《春秋》者得二十有二。”     

流失海外的敦煌吐鲁番文献

19世纪末至20世纪初,在世界上掀起了一股到亚洲腹地探险的热潮,各种名号的探险队、考察队开始在我国西北地区（古丝绸之路沿线）肆意地探险和寻宝,大量文献和文物被发掘并掠夺到世界各地,尤其是敦煌吐鲁番文献,从一开始就被各国探险家所瞩目,     

流失海外的敦煌吐鲁番文献

19世纪末至20世纪初，在世界上掀起了一股到亚洲腹地探险的热潮，各种名号的探险队、考察队开始在我国西北地区（古丝绸之路沿线）肆意地探险和寻宝，大量文献和文物被发掘并掠夺到世界各地，尤其是敦煌吐鲁番文献，从一开始就被各国探险家所瞩目，成为他们争夺的焦点。下面我们就主要介绍一下英、法等几个国家的探险活动及由此造成的敦煌吐鲁番文献的海外流散状况。     

Consensual and individual stereotypic beliefs about international students among American host nationals

The present study examined the consensual stereotype of an extraordinarily heterogeneous social group, international students who are sojourning in the United States, among American host nationals. The content and valence of the cultural stereotype was assessed using a multicomponent, free-response methodology with N=100 American college students. On the whole, consensual and individual stereotypic representations of international students were somewhat favorable, although a number of negative attributes were consistently ascribed to the group. The percentages of agreement among participants concerning the attributes of foreign students were substantial, indicating that international students are regarded as a fairly homogenous outgroup by domestic students, notwithstanding the extreme heterogeneity of the foreign student population. Individual stereotypic beliefs about international students were significantly correlated with overall attitudes and behaviors (social contact) toward the group. The negative evaluative content of participants’ individual stereotypic beliefs was strongly related to prejudicial attitudes and social avoidance of the group.     

How intergroup contact and communication about group differences predict collective action intentions among advantaged groups

Though greater intergroup contact has been shown to predict greater support for social change among advantaged group members, little is known about what occurs during the contact that may encourage members of advantaged groups to become willing to engage in collective action in solidarity with the disadvantaged. We argue that intergroup contact with disadvantaged group members may motivate advantaged group members’ willingness to engage in collective action through the mediating pathway of communication about group differences in power during contact. Two studies tested this proposition by examining how advantaged group members communicate about group differences with disadvantaged groups during contact in two distinct national contexts: White Americans in contact with Black Americans in the U.S. (Study 1) and Turks in contact with Kurds in Turkey (Study 2). In addition, Study 2 extended the research by specifying that it is communication about group differences in power—not communication about group differences in culture—that mediates the relation between advantaged group members’ contact with the disadvantaged and their willingness to engage in collective action in solidarity with the disadvantaged. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research on intergroup contact, along with highlighting the importance of communicating about power differences across group lines.