Ritual and free-throw shooting in basketball

The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and effect of certain highly patterned behaviours utilized prior to free-throw shooting in basketball. Ten female basketball players comprising the varsity squad of Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA served as subjects for this study. Subjects were filmed with a high-speed camera and monitored for heart rate during the performance of 10 free throws in each of two conditions: ritual and non-ritual. For the ritual condition, subjects were given unlimited time and freedom of movement prior to each free-throw attempt. For the non-ritual condition, subjects were not restricted by time, but were instructed to shoot the ball without utilizing any movements other than those required to project the ball to the goal. Dependent measures were characteristics of behaviours, physiological changes measured by heart rates, mechanical data (speed, height and angle of release), and number of successful attempts. Condition x trials analyses of variance and low standard deviation concerning characteristics of behaviours indicated that the idiosyncratic behaviours prior to free-throw shooting were rituals of the auto-communicative type. Results indicated no significant difference between conditions for free-throw success. However, partial correlation between dependent measures and successful free-throw attempts indicated that duration of behaviours was most crucial to free-throw shooting success.     

中学篮球教学中投篮技术教法的实验研究

以中学篮球教学中投篮技术的教法为研究内容，对所采用的讲解、动作示范与挂图和辅助练习等相结合的“想、看、练”教法进行了实验研究，其研究结果表明，该教学方法在提高学生学习的积极性和投篮的命中率等方面均有一定促进作用。     

表象训练法在投篮技术教学中的应用

在篮球急停跳起投篮教学中,应用"表象训练法"帮助学生准确地理解和掌握这一技术动作,建立正确的条件反射。实验证明,用该方法教学有利于学生投篮技术和心理素质的同步提高,对提高急停跳起投篮技术教学效果有促进作用。     

Effect of verbal instructions and image size on visual search strategies in basketball free throw shooting

We assessed the effects on basketball free throw performance of two types of verbal directions with an external attentional focus. Novices (n = 16) were pre-tested on free throw performance and assigned to two groups of similar ability (n = 8 in each). Both groups received verbal instructions with an external focus on either movement dynamics (movement form) or movement effects (e.g. ball trajectory relative to basket). The participants also observed a skilled model performing the task on either a small or large screen monitor, to ascertain the effects of visual presentation mode on task performance. After observation of six videotaped trials, all participants were given a post-test. Visual search patterns were monitored during observation and cross-referenced with performance on the pre- and post-test. Group effects were noted for verbal instructions and image size on visual search strategies and free throw performance. The 'movement effects' group saw a significant improvement in outcome scores between the pre-test and post-test. These results supported evidence that this group spent more viewing time on information outside the body than the 'movement dynamics' group. Image size affected both groups equally with more fixations of shorter duration when viewing the small screen. The results support the benefits of instructions when observing a model with an external focus on movement effects, not dynamics.     

投篮技术系统训练的原则性方法

运用系统科学的理论和方法,从投篮技术训练的整体性、系统性、针对性出发,分析和阐述投篮技术系统训练的依据,并据此归纳和设计投篮技术系统训练的原则性方法.     

The effects of increased shooting distance in the basketball jump shot

Three‐dimensional video techniques (50 Hz) were used to obtain images of basketball jump shots from one of three distances ‐ short range (group 1, n = 5); medium range (group 2, n = 5); long range (group 3, n = 5) ‐ from the basket, as performed by members of the men's quarter‐finalist teams at the games of the XVI Universiade in Sheffield in 1991. Fifteen sequences were digitized, beginning 20 frames prior to take‐off to 10 frames after release. To facilitate analysis, the sequences were rotated about the ball position in the final frame so that the shot direction was parallel to one of the pre‐defined orthogonal axes.

Mean (+1 s.d.) ball release speed was found to increase with distance from the basket (group 1 = 3.04±0.65 m s‐¹, group 2 = 4.71+0.74 m s‐¹, group 3 = 6.24 + 0.80 m s‘¹), while mean release angles were similar for all groups (group 1=48.8 + 10.1°, group 2 = 47.8 + 5.8°, group 3 = 51.9 + 5.5°). The increased impulse necessary for the ball to reach the basket at increased shooting distances was derived from both an increase in angular velocity of the elbow joint of the shooting arm and an increased velocity of the centre of mass in the direction of the basket at release. Centre of mass speed at take‐off was found to be influenced to a greater extent by the angular velocity of the ankle joint than that of the knee or hip joints. Rotation of the hip and shoulder axes, facilitated by the forward placement of the foot on the side of the shooting arm (antero‐posterior separation values: group 1 = 0.17 + 0.11 m, group 2 = 0.10 + 0.14 m, group 3 = 0.09 + 0.09 m) was utilized by all except one subject. All subjects also used an amount of medio‐lateral foot separation which, along with antero‐posterior separation, promoted stability.

All the subjects released the ball while airborne. Both the maximum jump height and the height of the jump at release tended to decrease as shooting distance increased. For short‐range shots, release occurred after the peak of the jump, but increasingly prior to the peak as shooting distance increased.     

试论提高篮球比赛中的投篮命中率

通过对相关文献资料的查阅和对国内外重大联赛的观察，论述篮球比赛中在面对防守的情况下如何用充满自信的心理、成熟的技术动作、合理的战术来完成投篮，并提高投篮命中率。     

Gaze pursuit and arm control of adolescent males diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and normal controls: evidence of a dissociation in processing visual information of short and long duration

Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of line of gaze, arm and ball was used to describe the visual and motor behaviour of male adolescents diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The ADHD participants were tested when both on (ADHD-On) and off (ADHD-Off) their medication and compared to age-matched normal controls in a modified table tennis task that required tracking the ball and hitting to cued right and left targets. Long-duration information was provided by a pre-cue, in which the target was illuminated approximately 2 s before the serve, and short-duration information by an early-cue illuminated about 350 ms after the serve, leaving approximately 500 ms to select the target and perform the action. The ADHD groups differed significantly from the control group in both the pre-cue and early-cue conditions in being less accurate, in having a later onset and duration of pursuit tracking, and a higher frequency of gaze on and off the ball. The use of medication significantly reduced the gaze frequency of the ADHD participants, but surprisingly this did not lead to an increase in pursuit tracking, suggesting a barrier was reached beyond which ball flight information could not be processed. The control and ADHD groups did not differ in arm movement onset, duration and velocity in the short-duration early-cue condition; in the long-duration pre-cue condition, however, the ADHD group's movement time onset and arm velocity differed significantly from controls. The results show that the ADHD groups were able to process short-duration information without experiencing adverse effects on their motor behaviour; however, long-duration information contributed to irregular movement control.     

篮球运动中的对抗和制约

篮球运动是一项同场对抗的竞技体育项目。同场对抗产生相互制约，由于相互制约的存在，运动员技术的运用和战术的实施均是在主动与被动适应的变化中进行。在这个过程中，比赛双方都试图在快速中争取主动，在高度上获得优势，都力争以优异的技术来确保战术的实施，以整体的战术实施来促进运动员技术水平的发挥，赢得比赛的最后胜利。     

On the temporal and behavioural consistency of pre-performance routines: an intra-individual analysis of elite basketball players' free throw shooting accuracy

The effectiveness of pre-performance routines on skilled performance in a self-paced skill has yet to be verified. In this study, we examine the importance of temporal and behavioural consistency in these routines. The duration and specific pattern of behaviours exhibited before each free throw (n = 284) were observed during 14 National Basketball Association play-off games. An intra-individual standardized score was calculated for each shot's duration. Each player's dominant behavioural routine was identified and each shot was classified as "sequence followed" or "sequence not followed". No difference was observed in the success rates of shots associated with brief, long, and regular duration routines (P > 0.05). However, players were more successful when they followed their dominant behavioural sequence (83.77% success) than when they deviated from their specific behavioural pattern (71.43% success) (P < 0.05). The findings are interpreted in light of relevant theory and implications for practice are discussed.     

高校优秀篮球运动员赛前焦虑的影响因素及其控制

通过对高水平篮球运动员问卷调查,从躯体焦虑、认知焦虑、自信心3个维度分析影响其赛前焦虑的因素,可采取目标设置训练、放松训练、注意控制训练、模拟训练、自信心训练等措施来控制赛前焦虑的影响。     

The importance and development of ball control and (self-reported) self-regulatory skills in basketball players for different positions

This study first investigated the importance of ball control and (self-reported) self-regulatory skills in achieving the elite level in basketball. The second aim was to gain insight into the development of, and association between ball control and (self-reported) self-regulatory skills that contribute to achieving the elite level, with taking into account positional differences. Talented male players (N = 73; age 16.56 ± 1.96) completed the STARtest to measure ball control and a questionnaire to measure (self-reported) self-regulation from 2008–2012. Results showed that (self-reported) reflective skills were most important to achieve the elite level (OR = 11.76; P < 0.05). There was no significant improvement in (self-reported) reflection over time for guards, forwards, and centers. Improvement in ball control was evident for guards (r = ?0.65; P < 0.05). Furthermore, guards and forwards had better ball control compared to centers (P < 0.01). For those two positions, negative correlations were found between (self-reported) reflection and ball control, i.e., higher reflection was related to better ball control (guards r = ?0.19; forwards r = ?0.18) in contrast to centers (r = 0.34). It is concluded that (self-reported) reflective skills are important to achieve the elite level, while ball control seems especially important for guards.     

时间差在拼抢篮板球中的作用

篮板球的争抢在竞技篮球比赛中起着非常重要的作用,能否抢获更多的篮板球是比赛获胜的关键因素之一。本研究结合教学与训练的实际,对抢位挡人的时机和起跳的快慢在抢篮板球中的作用做进一步的研究,提出“时间差”在抢篮板球中的特殊意义,为训练和比赛提供参考。     

在篮球教学中实施素质教育的理论研究与实践

实施素质教育已成为体育教学改革的主流。针对在篮球教学中如何实施素质教育进行了理论研究与实践，并指出转变教学思想、探索篮球教学新模式、改革教学方法、拓宽教学组织形式、改革考试评价方法等，是在篮球教学中实施素质教育的有效途径。     

"案例"教学法在篮球研究生理论课中的应用

案例教学是一种与传统的教学方式完全不同的教学方法，已成为培养各种高层人才的重要手段。在篮球研究生理论课当中引入案例教学法，可进一步提高篮球研究生的综合素质，开发篮球研究生的思维空间。有鉴于此，本文试对案例教学法在篮球研究生理论课中应用进行探讨，以期对我国篮球研究生教育工作能有所启发和借鉴。     

Prediction of shot success for basketball free throws: Visual search strategy

Abstract

In ball games, players have to pay close attention to visual information in order to predict the movements of both the opponents and the ball. Previous studies have indicated that players primarily utilise cues concerning the ball and opponents' body motion. The information acquired must be effective for observing players to select the subsequent action. The present study evaluated the effects of changes in the video replay speed on the spatial visual search strategy and ability to predict free throw success. We compared eye movements made while observing a basketball free throw by novices and experienced basketball players. Correct response rates were close to chance (50%) at all video speeds for the novices. The correct response rate of experienced players was significantly above chance (and significantly above that of the novices) at the normal speed, but was not different from chance at both slow and fast speeds. Experienced players gazed more on the lower part of the player's body when viewing a normal speed video than the novices. The players likely detected critical visual information to predict shot success by properly moving their gaze according to the shooter's movements. This pattern did not change when the video speed was decreased, but changed when it was increased. These findings suggest that temporal information is important for predicting action outcomes and that such outcomes are sensitive to video speed.     

基层篮球裁判员在执裁过程中应注意的问题

分析了基层篮球裁判员的特点，并就基层篮球裁判员在执裁过程中经常遇到的问题进行了分析，旨在为基层篮球裁判员执裁提供借鉴。     

Optimal release conditions for the free throw in men's basketball

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum release conditions for the free throw in men's basketball. The study used hundreds of thousands of three-dimensional simulations of basketball trajectories. Five release variables were studied: release height, release speed, launch angle, side angle, and back spin. The free throw shooter was assumed to shoot at 70% and to release the ball 2.134 m (7 ft) above the ground. We found that the shooter should place up to 3 Hz of back spin on the ball, should aim the ball towards the back of the ring, and should launch the ball at 52 degrees to the horizontal. We also found that it is desirable to release the ball as high above the ground as possible, as long as this does not adversely affect the player's launch consistency.