技术人员的职业倾向与职业满意、组织忠诚研究

本文围绕技术人员职业倾向与职业满意、组织忠诚的关系展开实证研究,发现技术人员呈现多样化职业倾向,并不是以技能型及其相关的职业倾向为主导;同时发现技术人员的一些个人因素会影响其职业倾向和职业满意、组织忠诚,一些不同的职业倾向会影响职业满意与组织忠诚。论文依据技术人员职业倾向及其对职业满意、组织忠诚影响的特点,提出保留和激励技术人员的建议。     

基于知识溢出视角的学术创业问题探究

科学的扩散功能为知识溢出效应提供了条件,推动学术主体履行创业使命,从而引出了"学术创业"这一崭新命题.学术创业不仅包括由学者或学术组织所参与的商业化创业活动,还包括学者对学术生涯的创业型管理.根据创业导向的不同,学术创业可分为内向型、外向型和中间型三种类型,通过衍生企业和技术许可两种主要实践途径,学术创业为科学知识转化为创业资源并促进经济发展发挥着重要作用.     

公务员职业承诺及形成过程研究

应用投资模型对在职公务员的职业承诺现状及影响因素进行探究,并基于角色扮演理论和社会交换理论,引入领导-成员交换关系作为调节变量,探讨其在职业承诺形成过程中的调节作用。462个有效样本的研究结果表明：投资模型理论能够很好的解释公务员的职业承诺及其产生过程,其中,职业满意度与职业投入对职业承诺有显著的正向影响;外在职业机会感知对职业承诺有显著的负向影响;领导-成员交换关系在职业投入对职业承诺的影响关系中有显著的调节作用,与领导存在“高质量”交换关系的个体的职业投入对职业承诺的影响强于“低质量”交换关系的个体。     

On the value of foreign PhDs in the developing world: Training versus selection effects in the case of South Africa

When seeking to improve science in emerging economies, uncertainty exists whether PhD training in an emerging economy can yield comparable results to PhD training in the developed world. Scientific achievements may vary because of excellent training at good universities, but also because excellent students select (and are selected by) good universities. This paper compares the career effects of overseas and domestic PhD training for scholars working in an emerging economy, South Africa. We differentiate between and examine both selection and training effects for PhDs from three tiers of South African and two tiers of foreign universities. South African academics with PhDs from universities in industrialised countries generally achieve greater career success than those with local PhDs, but training by universities in industrialised countries is not necessarily better than local training. Our results suggest that the perceived superiority of foreign PhD training stems from selection rather than do training effects, and pure selection effects in fact explain career outcomes better than training effects. Focusing on training rather than selection, PhDs from top South African universities produce a similar quantity and quality research output to those trained by the leading universities in the developed world. From the perspective of an emerging economy with limited resources wishing to advance science, the development of local universities should thus be stressed, although it is clear that individuals who are able to study for a PhD abroad gain personally when they return.     

浅谈大学生职业生涯规划课程的设计

在严峻的就业形势下如何给予大学生职业规划指导,是各高校面临的教育新课题。大学生职业生涯课程能够引导学生了解职业生涯规划的基本知识,规划流程,更好地定位自己的职业道路。职业规划课程在高校中的课程定位、教学目标、教学内容、教学方法都不同于传统的专业课程,需要从职业生涯规划课程的实际意义出发开展课程设计。     

职业生涯韧性对职业-组织双重承诺的作用机理

职业-组织双重承诺的兼得对于人力资源管理具有非常重要的意义。文章以新入职毕业生为研究对象,在理论研究的基础上构建了职业生涯韧性对新入职毕业生的职业-组织双重承诺的作用机理模型,在滚雪球便利抽样调查数据的基础上,运用多层次线性模型等方法进行实证检验。研究发现,职业生涯韧性对新入职毕业生的职业承诺和组织承诺具有正向影响作用,心理契约对职业生涯韧性与双重承诺的关系具有调节作用,关系型心理契约对两者关系具有正向调节作用,交易型心理契约对两者关系具有负向调节作用。     

Language and practice

What are the relative contributions of language and physical practice to practical understanding? The resolution of a series of puzzles depends upon the answer. I argue that language is, and must be, more central than physical practice in individual acquisition of practical understanding. Only this makes it possible for there to be a sociology of scientific knowledge, for there to be scientific specialities, for there to be a division of labour in society and for there to be a society that is more than a set of narrow and isolated worlds. Physical practice remains central to human culture but its influence is at the collective level at which languages are formed, rather than the individual level at which practical abilities are acquired. Domain languages 'contain' practices, and it is from these that individuals draw much, usually most, of their practical understanding. Because the individual level and the domain level have not previously been distinguished, certain philosophical problems have been wrongly cast and mistakes have been made. Domains of practice/language are embedded within one another in fractal-like relationships, and this is how we can make sense of higher levels of coordinated action. The ideas of 'special interactional expert', 'practice language' and 'methodological interactionalism' are introduced.     

以行动学习法为指导的笔译特色课程立体化建设

本文旨在对以行动学习法为指导的笔译特色课程的立体化建设进行探讨。文章首先叙述了在本科阶段培养具有实践专长和职业技能的翻译人才的必要性,然后介绍了笔译特色课程立体化建设的理论框架和具体建设内容,总结了课程建设的特色以及应用情况,最后指出这样的课程建设能提高学生学习翻译课程的兴趣,增强对自身翻译能力的自信,深入了解当前翻译理论和实践发展的趋势,同时实现了大学教育和进一步升学就业的无缝对接。     

What motivates academic scientists to engage in research commercialization: ‘Gold’, ‘ribbon’ or ‘puzzle’?

This paper employs the three concepts of ‘gold’ (financial rewards), ‘ribbon’ (reputational/career rewards) and ‘puzzle’ (intrinsic satisfaction) to examine the extrinsic and intrinsic aspects of scientists’ motivation for pursuing commercial activities. The study is based on 36 individual interviews and an on-line questionnaire survey of 735 scientists from five major UK research universities. It finds that there is a diversity of motivations for commercial engagement, and that many do so for reputational and intrinsic reasons and that financial rewards play a relatively small part. The paper draws on self-determination theory in social psychology to analyse the relationship between scientists’ value orientations with regard to commercial engagement and their personal motivations. It finds that those with traditional beliefs about the separation of science from commerce are more likely to be extrinsically motivated, using commercialization as a means to obtain resources to support their quest for the ‘ribbon’. In contrast, those identify closely with entrepreneurial norms are intrinsically motivated by the autonomy and ‘puzzle-solving’ involved in applied commercial research while also motivated by the ‘gold’. The study highlights the primacy of scientists’ self-motivation, and suggests that a fuller explanation of their commercial behaviour will need to consider a broader mix of motives to include the social and affective aspects of intrinsic motivation. In conclusion, the paper argues that policy to encourage commercial engagement should build on reputational and intrinsic rather than purely financial motivations.     

Support for interactive document selection in cross-language information retrieval

As digital libraries grow to global scale, the provision of interactive access to content in many languages will become increasingly important. In systems that support query-based searching, the presence of multilingual content will affect both the search technology itself and the user interface components that support query formulation, document selection and query refinement. This article describes the interactions among these components and presents a practical way of evaluating the adequacy of the selection interface. A categorization-based model for the user's selection process is presented and an experimental methodology suitable for obtaining process centered results in this context is developed. The methodology is applied to assess the adequacy of a selection interface in which multiple candidate translations for a term can be simultaneously presented. The results indicate that the modeled selection process is somewhat less effective when users are presented with multi-translation glosses from Japanese to English rather than materials generated originally in English, but that users with access to the gloss translations substantially outperform a Naive Bayes classification algorithm.     

Role of authenticity and perceived benefits of online courses on technology based career choice in India: A modified technology adoption model based on career theory

In this digital era, it is important to make a wise course choice since the building blocks of a career starts from choosing the career-specific course. With the number of online courses available, it is tough to differentiate a relevant career-focused course from a mediocre one. Hence, the authenticity and validity of a particular course influence the career choice of individuals. The other important factor is perceived benefits. Additionally, an increasing number of educational businesses has already integrated or plans to integrate social media applications into their marketing plans to reach and attract future students, thus showing a shift from traditional ways of marketing. As the nature of this study is both purposive as well as probabilistic, a mixed method approach has been chosen. The study consists of two phases: the exploratory research process consisting of the literature review, the semi-structured interviews with information technology professionals to form the questionnaire and hypotheses. The researchers found that through personal inputs strongly influence the learning experiences, authenticity and perceived benefits of a course plays the most important role in the individual’s decision to adopt a technical course. The practical and research implications have also been discussed.     

Who is tech savvy? Exploring the adoption of smartphones and tablets: An empirical investigation

The present analysis performs a Multinomial Probit Model in order to observe which mobile technology qualifies across individuals. The findings indicate that individuals in family businesses prefer to combine both tablets and smartphones in their purchases, rather than separately. Younger individuals report an adoption preference towards smartphones, while older individuals are inclined towards tablets. The theoretical contributions encompass both the technology acceptance model (TAM) and the social cognitive theory (SCT). Individuals working in a family business exhibit a curious behaviour and they are becoming early adopters. TAM helps explain this behaviour as they tend to try new novelties exploring the potential usefulness they might derive; these technological advancements allow them to connect with customers and partners. By contrast, SCT helps gain a better understanding on young and old individuals' behaviour. The younger generations seem to be easily influenced by their peers with a tendency to technologies which are fun and allow them to build connections. Older individuals are equally influenced by their peers, with the difference that their social circle being more mature (e.g., business owners, professionals). This combined with the complexity of the technology orients them into adopting tablets more easily than smartphones.     

Overcoming pathological IT use: How and why IT addicts terminate their use of games and social media

IT addiction scholarship indicates that pathological use of IT such as games or social media is on the rise. While pathological IT use, such as addictive behavior, can negatively affect private, social and work life, individuals displaying addictive behavior toward an IT are challenged to overcome their addiction. In this study, we aim to offer insights into how and why IT addicts stop their pathological IT use by terminating to use the IT. We interview individuals who have overcome their IT addiction to games and social media, finding that some IT addicts terminate their use of the IT without external support because they had a strong intrinsic or extrinsic motivation or because they felt stressed, frustrated or guilty. Other IT addicts required external support, contacting a therapist after unsuccessful attempts to quit or after experiencing a shocking event. This study establishes a new strand of research into ending pathological IT use and becoming an ex-user. We theorize IT addiction as part of the IT lifecycle alongside adoption, usage and discontinuation. We also offer practical insights into why some individuals can terminate pathological IT use on their own, while others require external support.     

知识型员工的职业高原与绩效关系研究

通过对180名知识型员工的问卷调查,发现知识型员工的职业高原由三个维度构成:结构高原、内容高原和生活高原,职业高原对知识型员工的工作绩效会有影响。认为知识型员工的职业生涯管理问题需要引起重视。     

基于生涯教育理论的高中生抉择能力培养

高中阶段是个人生涯发展的重要时期,当前在高考新政策实施的背景下,高中阶段生涯教育得到了社会的高度关注。然而,受主体性意识、学业成绩、家庭条件等因素的制约,许多高中生陷入迷茫、困惑的状态,抉择能力较弱。该文基于生涯教育理论,从现实意义出发,提出突出学生主体性、促进学生全面发展、保障抉择机会平等的培养建议;从未来发展角度出发,提出树立高中生抉择意识、充分认识高中阶段生涯教育的价值和功能、尊重学生的成长性与个性化发展的培养建议。     

General framework for management of technology evolution

Rapid changes in the business environment and the risks of new technologies are critical in the current technology-driven industries. In the perspective of Management of Technology (MOT), analysis of current technology trends is one of the most important factors for business success. This paper introduces the alternative framework for the evolution of Technology Roadmapping (TRM) methodology. Even though this alternative framework is aligned with the existing methodology of technology evolution, its development was based on a totally different approach than that of the general framework of technology evolution, thus providing an alternative practical tool for analyzing the current technology trends. In addition, the strategic decision points can be provided by the same approach in various business areas.     

做好高校低年级学生职业生涯规划教育的探索与实践

当今大学生就业问题面临着严峻的考验,为了从根本上解决就业难的问题．作为高校应该重点在低年级学生群体中开展职业生涯规划教育．这对学生找准职业定位、提高综合素质和就业竞争力有着重要的现实意义。本文力图从打造第一课堂、构建全方位、多层次的学生发展平台、开展职业咨询等多途径提升学生的职业生涯规划技巧和能力。     

Community Technology and Community Building: Early Results from the Creating Community Connections Project

As community technology and community-building initiatives move toward greater synergy, there is a great deal to be learned regarding how they can be mutually supportive, rather than mutually exclusive. This article sheds light on the possibilities inhered at this nexus. The project that constitutes the basis for this paper is the Camfield Estates-MIT Creating Community Connections Project, an ongoing effort at Camfield Estates, a predominantly African-American, low- to moderate-income housing development. As part of this project, we worked with residents to establish a technological infrastructure by offering every family a new computer, software, high-speed Internet connection, comprehensive courses, and a web-based community-building system, the Creating Community Connections (C3) System, that I codesigned with residents. This article presents an overview of the Camfield Estates-MIT project, theoretical framework developed in relation to this work, research design and methodology, project methodology and timeline, and early results. It concludes with a set of recommendations for the community technology and community-building movements.     

市场导向、学习导向对组织绩效作用的影响——以产品创新为中介变量

一些研究表明,市场导向或学习导向对创新型组织的绩效有着显著影响。虽然这些研究能增深我们对企业创新过程的了解,但并不能确定市场导向和学习导向对创新与组织绩效作用的相对大小。将这两个基本战略导向整合到一起,将其对产品创新和组织绩效的相对作用大小进行评估和比较。研究发现,学习导向的潜在影响要大于市场导向。这对高层管理人员更深入地了解不同组织文化类型(如市场文化、学习文化)与组织绩效水平之间的不同相关程度,以及在此基础上更有效地分配和利用企业战略资源具有重要的意义。     

The impact of past performance on information valuation in virtual communities: Empirical study in online stock message boards

Unlike other types of virtual communities, individuals participate in online stock message boards for their material needs rather than non-material needs (e.g., sense of belonging). They may seek and read others’ opinions to make better investment performances. The value of information in online stock message boards may vary from person to person according to their past investment experiences. However, little is known regarding how their past investment performance influences the value of others’ opinions. Therefore, our study investigates how individuals process others’ opinions on stock message boards for their investment decisions when they have different levels of past investment performance. We proposed the unique research model with two paths consisting of both online stock message board factors and individual factors to determine continuous use of online stock message boards. We conducted SEM analysis with 452 questionnaire data. The results, first, showed that message boards factors (e.g., satisfaction using others’ opinions) have a positive impact on continuous intention to use while their own satisfaction with past investment activities has a negative impact on continuous intention to use. In addition, we believe that this is one of the few papers to examine the moderating role of self-attribution bias on the effects of stock investment performance. Our results indicated that investors with strong self-attribution bias lower the usefulness of opinions when losing money while they increased confidence in their investment-related abilities when achieving a profit from investment. This study will help to support and extend the theory of IS continuance model while providing practical insights for online stock message board managers by suggesting ways to vitalize online stock message boards.