技术知识与新产品开发优势:战略导向的调节作用

技术知识是我国企业在高不确定性环境下参与国际竞争的必备条件,也是企业通过不同战略导向获取新产品开发优势的关键保障。基于257份企业样本数据,检验了技术知识与新产品开发优势双维度间关系,以及企业两种不同战略导向选择的调节作用。研究发现：技术知识对新产品开发速度与新产品创新性均有正向作用;市场导向分别正向调节技术知识与新产品开发速度间、新产品创新性间关系,且对前者的正向调节强度更强;技术导向负向调节技术知识与新产品开发速度间关系,但正向调节技术知识与新产品创新性间关系。     

顾客参与对新产品开发作用机理研究

传统观念威胁到企业竞争力,新产品开发大多集中在企业角度探讨,却忽略了真正使用产品的顾客。从知识分享的角度,分析顾客参与对产品创新的作用机理,即顾客参与通过关系涉入影响顾客与新产品开发企业的知识分享,进而改善新产品绩效,同时加入了顾客知识异性作为调节变量,更好解释了这一机制。     

装备制造业复杂产品研发的关键因素分析

装备制造业对国家经济的作用日益增强,而研发能力弱是制约发展的瓶颈.产品的跨学科知识集成、跨企业组织管理、用户定制、特殊的研发流程等特性增加了研发管理的困难.影响研发的关键因素包括：战略管理能力、资源能力、组织能力、项目管理能力和政府支持,通过对关键因素进行研究来提高企业研发能力并促进行业的发展.     

The effects of alliance portfolio characteristics and absorptive capacity on performance: A study of biotechnology firms

In many high technology industries, strategic alliances have become important for improving a firm's financial performance by providing knowledge that can be used to develop the capabilities needed to introduce new products. Therefore, researchers have examined those characteristics of alliances that can contribute to the performance of high technology companies. There is agreement that the structure and knowledge flows within alliances can affect a firm's innovativeness. However, to date, researchers have studied alliances as individual events or transactions, failing to recognize their synergistic effects as a coherent portfolio. Viewing alliances as a portfolio of strategic agreements, we suggest that portfolio characteristics will be associated with a high technology firm's innovative and financial performance. Also, we suggest that portfolio characteristics will influence absorptive capacity. We test these propositions using a sample of 2456 alliances formed by 143 biopharmaceutical firms. The results indicate that alliance portfolio characteristics and absorptive capacity jointly influence performance. The implications of these findings for high technology firms are discussed.     

模糊前端不确定性、知识共享与新产品开发绩效

本研究选取我国制造业部分行业的企业员工为研究对象,将知识共享引入模糊前端(FFE)创新,通过构建FFE阶段及其关联因素与新产品开发(NPD)绩效之间的知识共享模型,实证分析知识共享对降低FFE不确定性和提升NPD绩效的影响机理。研究结果表明,FFE阶段市场、资源、组织及技术不确定性的降低对NPD绩效具有不同程度的正向影响;知识共享对降低市场、资源、组织与技术不确定性以及NPD绩效均具有不同程度的正向影响,尤其对NPD绩效的影响更为显著;详细的初始规划有利于降低市场、资源、组织与技术不确定性并提高NPD绩效。研究结果不仅对知识共享和模糊前端的深入研究具有重要理论启示,同时对我国制造业企业的新产品开发实践具有重要的现实指导意义。     

后发企业网络节点与组织学习平衡模式的演化

开放式环境下,后发企业如何更好地嵌入全球价值网络成为重要的战略议题。本研究通过对3家成功向技术前沿转型的纵向案例分析,揭示了后发企业通过构建创新网络进行技术追赶过程中企业内部知识基、网络异质性节点以及组织学习平衡模式的演化,结论显示：（1）基于内部知识基宽度和深度,区别于以往从简单知识基到复杂知识基的路径,后发企业会战略性地选择不同的知识基发展路径;（2）网络节点布局随着知识基的发展呈现相应的变化;（3）在组织内部利用式学习基础上,组织学习平衡模式逐步从组织内部的双元型过渡到内外部结合的双元型。     

A model for assessing the coherence of companies’ knowledge strategy

This paper proposes a strategic model for assessing the coherence between companies’ knowledge strategies and their business strategies as well as in their competitive and organisational contexts. In analysing knowledge management literature, we locate three principal strategies: (1) knowledge development (internal or external), (2) knowledge sharing (codification or personalisation) and (3) knowledge exploitation (internal or external). We then position the three strategies and six related policies in the context-content-process dimensions of Pettigrew's model to create a useful framework for strategic analysis and a model to assess the coherence of companies’ knowledge strategy. The model can be used to evaluate how an existing knowledge strategy aligns with a company's characteristics and to formulate and implement a coherent knowledge strategy based on the current competitive environment, organisational context and business strategy.     

The performance impact of intra-firm organizational design on an alliance's NPD projects

This research contributes to the intra-organization, inter-organization, and new product development (NPD) management literature by studying the impact of a firm's internal organizational design on the communication within and performance of NPD projects conducted with strategic alliance partners. The empirical data were collected from three in-depth case studies of network lead companies (NLCs) operating in different industries. The three NLCs have different internal organizational designs, ranging from very flexible “organic” to very rigid “mechanistic.” In each NLC, a successful new-to-firm product development project was chosen for further detailed investigation. First, we identify the role the alliance's NPD project characteristics and industry characteristics play in determining the “intensity level” and “media richness” of communication required between the alliance's NPD project partners. Then, we examine how the internal organizational design influences the actual intensity and media richness of communication of the alliance's NPD project that matches our assumptions of what is required.     

Value co-destruction: Exploring the role of actors’ opportunism in the B2B context

This exploratory study investigates value co-destruction in the Business-to-Business (B2B) context and examines the impact of actors’ opportunistic behaviour on value co-creation. The research undertakes an in-depth case study based approach. It uses data triangulation, where multiple sources of evidence (interviews, conference audio recordings and documents) are collected from the case organisation (a vendor) and its service ecosystem partners in the ICT sector. The partners included in the study are distributors, channel partners, competitors, and customers. B2B alliances are driven by the motivations to maximise strategic value and minimise transaction cost. Thus, using the ecosystem lens, we find that actors’ capabilities (resources and perceived value), vendor's approach to achieving strategic benefit and the channel governance mechanism enable value co-creation. However, using the transaction cost theory lens, we report that actors’ opportunistic behaviour, technological disruptions and new business model challenges lead to value co-destruction (in the form of termination of relationship, conflict and business liquidation). Alliance partners need to evaluate the strategic benefits of collaboration, knowledge sharing, learning, trust building, market expansion and technology sharing, considering partners’ self-serving behaviour driven by transaction cost economies. All ecosystem actors are seeking to develop capabilities, exhibit knowledge differentiators, demonstrate technology leadership, reduce uncertainty and respond to new business model challenges thus causing value co-destruction. Thus, this research is more encompassing because it explores factors that lead to both value co-creation and co-destruction.     

知识特性对跨国公司选择知识转移工具的影响

从母公司向子公司转移知识是跨国公司在东道国快速复制企业运作经验的快捷途径,也是其高效获取全球竞争优势的重要手段。本文通过实证研究发现,知识特性对跨国公司知识转移工具的选择有显著影响,即转移知识的特性不同,选择的知识转移工具的类型也有显著不同。研究还发现,如果同时考虑母子公司间的知识差距与战略差异的调节效应,根据知识特性选择转移工具的合理性就更明显。     

Mediating effects of business process for international trade industry on the relationship between information capital and company performance

To explore the relationship of information capital and company performance as mediated by business processes, we sought to establish an analytical framework based on knowledge based view for international trade companies to better develop the innovative capacity of holistic thinking processes of domestic trade enterprises. Using structural equation modeling as part of an analytical research framework, we found that information capital can indirectly affect company performance when mediated by business processes, and that information capital is more critical to the trade industry. This finding reveals that adopting and assimilating information systems form an important channel for companies to provide strategic information and use information capital. We highlighted that the improvement of information capital can significantly enhance a company’s competitiveness and that, since business processes play key mediating roles, the timely adjustment of such processes can allow information capital to enhance company performance of the international trade industry.     

顾客知识整合对新产品开发绩效的影响

通过理论分析和案例研究相结合的方法,发现市场环境的动态性、企业所研发新产品的技术成熟度以及顾客的特性都会影响新产品开发的绩效。研究结果表明,并不是所有的顾客知识都能促进新产品开发(NPD),企业应该在不同的条件下选择恰当的顾客进行知识整合。     

新兴技术创新网络“液态化”机理及实证分析

    创新系统“混沌”边缘具有较强的创新潜力,易于新兴技术创新网络的形成与发展。结合生命周期理论,分析了新兴技术形成过程及其与原有技术发展轨迹的关系,深入研究了“液态化”创新网络的形成机理。通过搜集自动驾驶汽车领域专利数据开展了实证分析,运用专利引用分析与社会网络分析相结合的方法,绘制IPC共现网络和专利权人引文网络,通过计算网络各项指标,验证了新兴技术创新网络“液态化”网络的技术特征与知识流动特征。实证结果表明：自动驾驶汽车领域的技术构成具有高异质性、技术领域间存在广泛融合性;知识流动网络存在小世界效应,呈现易流动、流向广、效率高,网络边界模糊,核心创新主体众多且多样化的特点。     

模糊前端活动对NPD绩效的影响——战略匹配的中介作用

选取我国制造业部分行业的企业为研究对象,通过大样本问卷调查,基于战略管理视角,实证研究模糊前端(FFE)活动对新产品开发(NPD)绩效的影响机制,并重点分析战略匹配在二者之间的中介作用。结果表明:FFE活动的4个方面对战略匹配具有不同程度的正向影响;FFE活动对NPD绩效具有正向影响;战略匹配在FFE活动与NPD绩效之间起部分中介作用。     

An interpretative model from the elasticity theory to explore knowledge integration in new product development

This paper presents a conceptual model to explore the knowledge integration (KI) practices of internal and external company actors involved in the New Product Development (NPD) process of the aerospace industry. The model is based on the linkage of elasticity principles, particularly Hooke’s Law, to Knowledge Management theory. KI practices are considered as a force pushing the NPD process and are metaphorically described as the spring addressed by Hooke’s law. The integration of the knowledge of internal and external company actors impacts NPD, reducing the dimensions of the whole process, in terms of phases, through the application of the concurrent engineering approach. The whole NPD process is improved in terms of the reduction of uncertainty and complexity, and with an ‘integrated energy’ that sustains the pressure of the fast-changing competitive environment. The model is explored to provide an interpretation of the conceptualisation phase of a new aerospace product development process. Qualitative data were collected and analysed. Insights regarding the applications of the model and the theoretical implications are also provided for applications in other industries.     

Business process improvement and the knowledge flows that cross a private online social network: An insurance supply chain case

This paper analyses how the knowledge shared between employees and suppliers within a private enterprise social network affects process improvement. Data was collected from internal documents, and the internal and external enterprise social networks used by an international insurance company; the average cycle time for handling 8494 claims and 3240 messages posted on the internal and external social networks was analysed. Social network analysis techniques were combined with principal component analysis and structural equation modeling, and the results demonstrate that the knowledge shared within the internal and external social network can explain 35.10% of process improvement variability, while the knowledge shared within the internal social network explains 89.90% of external social network variability. The analysis also demonstrates that: (i) the knowledge shared among employees positively affects process improvement; (ii) the knowledge shared among suppliers negatively affects process improvement; and (iii) the knowledge shared among employees positively affects the knowledge shared among supply chain members. These findings have theoretical and practical implications. They extend the literature in the knowledge management and information management field by offering empirical evidence of how the knowledge shared through an enterprise social network affects business process improvement, using the objective data provided by Yammer. They also provide a strategic tool for managers that will allow them to better understand how they can use the enterprise social network for business processes improvement.     

基于知识管理的制造业复杂产品研发团队研究

从知识管理的角度对与制造业复杂产品研发相适应的组织形式进行探索。通过对两个船舶产品研发案例的对比分析,提出基于知识管理的多层次跨企业团队模型。     

基于网络治理的科技企业孵化器网络与单创投合作研究

科技孵化器网络以其在服务效率、资源共享等方面的优势,得到了越来越广泛的关注。作为一种新的合作方式,网络组织下的科技企业孵化器与单创投的合作也遇到了新问题。以公司治理学中的网络治理为理论依据,明确了科技企业孵化器网络与单创投合作的特点,分析了双方的合作互动关系,研究了网络组织下的科技企业孵化器与单创投的合作基础即合作平台,阐明了双方合作的宏观治理机制和微观治理机制,为解决合作中遇到的问题和深层次网络化构建了理论基础。     

Whether and how: Effects of international joint ventures on local innovation in an emerging economy

Business groups in emerging economies frequently use international joint ventures (IJV) as a channel for knowledge acquisition and technology advancement. While IJVs provide a business group with access to new technology, how successful a group is in exploiting that new knowledge for innovative purposes depends on the groups’ ability to recombine new knowledge with its existing pool of knowledge and resources. The more resources a group spends in forming IJVs with foreign partners, the less resources the group has in developing and sustaining organizational mechanisms that facilitate integration of existing ideas and resources. Following this theoretical duality, we view the IJV–innovation relationship not as an “either–or” question, but as a question of whether and how. Specifically, viewing business groups as networks of loosely coupled firms, we examine how intra-group network structure and evolving institutional environment moderates the IJV–patenting relationship in Taiwan between 1981 and 1998.     

营销-制造整合对新产品开发绩效的影响研究

在新产品开发过程中如何有效开展营销-制造整合是制造企业面临的重要课题。基于资源依赖理论,本文构建了新产品开发四个基本阶段的营销-制造整合之间的依赖关系及其与新产品开发绩效的关系模型,并基于中国214家制造企业的调研数据进行实证研究。结构方程模型分析结果表明,新产品开发早期阶段的营销-制造整合对后续阶段的整合程度具有显著的正向影响;市场分析、技术开发与产品测试阶段的营销-制造整合对新产品开发成本的控制具有显著的正向影响;市场分析和产品测试阶段的营销-制造整合对新产品开发速度具有显著的正向影响;新产品开发成本与新产品开发速度均对市场绩效具有显著的正向影响。