The effects of alliance portfolio characteristics and absorptive capacity on performance: A study of biotechnology firms

In many high technology industries, strategic alliances have become important for improving a firm's financial performance by providing knowledge that can be used to develop the capabilities needed to introduce new products. Therefore, researchers have examined those characteristics of alliances that can contribute to the performance of high technology companies. There is agreement that the structure and knowledge flows within alliances can affect a firm's innovativeness. However, to date, researchers have studied alliances as individual events or transactions, failing to recognize their synergistic effects as a coherent portfolio. Viewing alliances as a portfolio of strategic agreements, we suggest that portfolio characteristics will be associated with a high technology firm's innovative and financial performance. Also, we suggest that portfolio characteristics will influence absorptive capacity. We test these propositions using a sample of 2456 alliances formed by 143 biopharmaceutical firms. The results indicate that alliance portfolio characteristics and absorptive capacity jointly influence performance. The implications of these findings for high technology firms are discussed.     

客户组合特征对突破性创新与渐进性创新的影响机制研究

尽管客户对产品创新的作用已被广泛研究,但是从客户组合层面上来探讨其与创新的关系的研究还较少,以社会网络理论和知识基础观为理论基础,探讨了客户组合的异质性与关系嵌入水平对产品的突破性创新和渐进性创新的影响机制及结果。研究结果表明:客户组合的异质性通过促进客户知识的多样性从而对产品的突破性创新产生积极影响;客户组合的关系嵌入水平通过促进客户知识的深度和专用性从而对产品的渐进性创新产生积极影响。为企业有目的地进行客户组合管理并以此为源动力积极推进产品创新提供了理论依据。     

联盟组合多样性、关系强度与技术标准化能力

利用1999至2013年拥有标准联盟参与经历的170家车辆生产企业的数据,研究标准联盟组合多样性对企业两类技术标准化能力(主导能力、跟随能力)的影响,及关系强度在上述影响中的调节作用。基于负二项随机效应回归模型的实证分析发现：标准联盟组合多样性与企业技术标准化主导能力呈正U型关系,与技术标准化跟随能力呈倒U型关系。在标准联盟组合资源向技术标准化能力转化的过程中,联盟关系强度发挥了显著调节作用：随着关系强度提升,联盟组合多样性与技术标准化主导能力的正U型关系曲线、与技术标准化跟随能力的倒U型关系曲线将变得更为陡峭。     

Evidence on how academics manage their portfolio of knowledge transfer activities

The purpose of this paper is to explore whether six broad categories of knowledge transfer activities undertaken by academics: the creation and diffusion of knowledge through publications, transmission of knowledge through teaching, informal knowledge transfer, patenting, spin-off formation and consulting activities, are complementary, substitute, or independent, as well as the conditions under which complementarities, substitution and independence among these activities are likely to emerge. This investigation relied on data regarding 1554 researchers funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Contrary to prior studies which have examined complementarities and the determinants of knowledge transfer activities in separate models, this study relied on a multivariate path model to reflect the fact that in practice, academics consider simultaneously whether or not to undertake multiple knowledge transfer activities. Overall, the results point to the existence of three very different types of knowledge transfer portfolios of activities: a first portfolio made up of complementary activities which are interdependent and reinforce each other. This portfolio includes publications, patenting, spin-off creation, consulting and informal knowledge transfer. A second portfolio includes teaching activities and publication outputs which are substitute for each other. A third portfolio comprises teaching activities and other activities independent from teaching, namely, patenting, spin-off creation, consulting and informal knowledge transfer. Each of these three portfolios of knowledge transfer activities emerged under different conditions. Implications are derived for managerial practice and future research.     

基于C2C与B2C虚拟品牌社区的企业知识创新比较研究

随着互联网的发展,激发虚拟品牌社区中有利于企业的知识创新,成为企业应对动态市场环境而实施创新战略的关键。本文基于C2C与B2C虚拟品牌社区中用户探索性/应用性学习和用户创意组合管理的视角,构建了激发有利于企业知识创新的理论模型。实证发现:C2C与B2C虚拟品牌社区会对用户探索性/应用性学习方式产生差异影响,相对于B2C虚拟品牌社区有利于用户的应用性学习,C2C虚拟品牌社区倾向于用户的探索性学习,而探索性学习更有利于激发用户知识创新能力;进一步,用户知识创新能力对激发用户产生有利于企业知识创新的作用并不显著;但是,用户创意组合管理在用户知识创新能力对激发有利于企业知识创新的关系中起到显著的正向调节作用。本研究为企业实施用户知识管理创新战略提出了有价值的启示。     

联盟组合重构有利于合作创新绩效吗？

   基于网络理论与动态能力理论视角,以336家高新技术企业为研究对象,本研究探讨了联盟组合重构对合作创新绩效的影响,并采用有调节的中介效应模型考察了联盟合法性与环境动态性的作用机制。研究结果表明：联盟组合结构性重构与联盟组合功能性重构对合作创新绩效均有显著的正向影响,联盟合法性在其中起着部分中介的作用;联盟合法性对合作创新绩效有显著的正向影响;环境动态性调节了联盟合法性对联盟组合结构性重构与合作创新绩效的中介作用,环境动态性调节了联盟合法性对联盟组合功能性重构与合作创新绩效的中介作用。     

Scientific knowledge dynamics and relatedness in biotech cities

This paper investigates the impact of scientific relatedness on knowledge dynamics in biotech at the city level during the period 1989–2008. We assess the extent to which the emergence of new research topics and the disappearance of existing topics in cities are dependent on their degree of scientific relatedness with existing topics in those cities. We make use of the rise and fall of title words in scientific publications in biotech to identify major cognitive developments within the field. We determined the degree of relatedness between 1028 scientific topics in biotech by means of co-occurrence of pairs of topics in journal articles. We combined this relatedness indicator between topics in biotech with the scientific portfolio of cities (i.e. the topics on which they published previously) to determine how cognitively close a potentially new topic (or an existing topic) is to the scientific portfolio of a city. We analyzed knowledge dynamics at the city level by looking at the entry and exit of topics in the scientific portfolio of 276 cities in the world. We found strong and robust evidence that new scientific topics in biotech tend to emerge systematically in cities where scientifically related topics already exist, while existing scientific topics had a higher probability to disappear from a city when these were weakly related to the scientific portfolio of the city.     

基于战略联盟的开放式创新的研究综述

基于战略联盟的开放式创新已成为企业创新的重要方式,从双边、企业以及网络3个层面,对国际上近20年的联盟式开放性创新研究进行梳理,就联盟类型、二元匹配、治理控制、联盟能力、联盟组合等6个大类联盟创新研究进行系统的评述与总结,并提出联盟能力构建路径、混合联盟组合管理等4个未来研究方向,供国内联盟创新研究者参考。     

项目组合的冲突风险评价模型

基于项目组合管理的流程,识别出不同阶段潜在的利益相关者之间的冲突风险,即目标冲突风险、资源分配冲突风险及合作冲突风险。采用模糊综合评价方法对项目组合的三类冲突风险进行评价。最后将评价模型应用于一个高新技术企业,算例分析的结果表明该模型可以有效得出三类冲突风险的风险评分,并且为企业的风险预防和控制提供指引,使其可以识别评分值最高、危害最大的冲突风险。     

企业合作型原始创新知识流动演化研究

基于B-Z反应模型,以互惠性文化为控制变量,构建企业合作型原始创新知识流动过程中知识共享、知识整合和知识创造的三维Logistic演化模型,通过216份有效问卷数据和Matlab软件仿真研究了在三种不同初始状态下,当互惠性文化强度变化时,企业合作型原始创新知识流动的演化趋势。结果表明：在互惠性文化强度相同时,当知识流动初期对知识共享、知识整合和知识创造均有关注时,知识创造的提升快于知识流动初期只注重知识共享或同时注重知识共享和知识整合的情况;互惠性文化能够促进企业合作型原始创新知识流动的演化,强互惠性文化缩短知识流动演化的周期。本研究为企业实施合作型原始创新模式,提高原始创新能力提供依据。     

基于pair copula-GARCH模型的多资产组合VaR分析

提出了多资产组合风险分析的pair copula-GARCH 模型.相比于以往的copula-GARCH模型,它能够更好描述投资组合中两两资产间的尾部相关性的差异,从而更好地度量多资产组合间的相依结构.在此基础上,还探讨了pair copula-GARCH 模型下的多资产线性组合的VaR的计算方法.最后给出模型的实证分析.     

基于结构方程-组套索的复杂专利组合测度研究

   恰当的专利组合价值测度是国家衡量企业创新能力、制定合理产业技术政策的必要保障;是企业技术合作、交易等得以顺利进行的前置条件。本文以复杂专利组合价值测度为研究对象,从结构分析视角出发,在选取测度指标的基础上,首先利用综合比较与统计相关的方法判断同类专利内部指标组合方式;接着研究不同专利组之间的价值组合,运用结构方程竞争性比较来确定专利组合最佳分组;利用组指数套索回归找出关键变量组和关键变量,构造双层复杂专利组合价值评价模型。在以药品为例进行分析后,发现药品同类专利内部指标组合方式以几何平均为佳、组间则按照专利性质分组为优,并得到药品专利组合价值公式。进而将不同方法加以对比,分析本文方法合理性。本文创新之处在于以复杂双层专利组合为研究对象、使用结构方程竞争性分析获得专利组合最优分组形式、选择组指数套索回归以确定专利组合定价模型。模型符合专利组合价值评价的现实数据特点,同时将组合结构分析与组合价值评价相结合,能够有效捕捉专利组合的内在价值。本文丰富了专利组合价值评价的理论和方法,拓展了专利组合价值与评价维度的测度关系研究。     

Knowledge sharing in a multi-cultural setting: a case study

Organizational culture has been shown to influence the success of knowledge management practices. Hofstede's theory specifies that organizational culture is not independent of national culture. A case study of an international subsidiary was conducted to explore the extent to which knowledge sharing is dependent on national culture. Results indicate that language differences can create knowledge blocks, and cross-cultural differences can explain the direction of knowledge flows.     

中国股票市场投资组合规模的非系统风险分散效应

将中国股票市场1995~2005年的11年数据分为三个子样本期,构造等权投资组合模型实证研究了中国股票市场投资组合规模的非系统风险分散效应。研究发现,三个子样本期内,投资组合的平均风险都随着投资组合中股票数的增加而迅速下降,之后变得平缓而趋于稳定,一般7~9个股票就能消除掉45.92%~49.61%的风险;相同规模投资组合的平均风险在整个样本期呈现确定性地随时间下降的趋势;分散掉同样比例的非系统风险所需的股票数也呈现随时间下降的趋势;分散化的好处随时间在增加。     

基于ISM模型的企业专利组合核心特征分析

通过梳理专利组合的国内外文献,对企业专利组合的19个特征进行厘定,基于解释结构模型构建核心特征的递阶模型。专利组合的特征存在5个层级的结构关系;专利申请量、专利授权量、发明专利授权量和后向引证技术范围是影响企业专利组合的基础因素;专利组合的规模、范围、多样性与专利相关性和技术独占性是影响企业专利组合的根源性因素;专利组合质量与核心专利价值是企业专利组合的重要标尺。     

R&D项目组合选择的决策分析与思考——基于模糊集理论和启发调度视角

目前R&D项目的研究大多以数学规划、决策理论及评分方法来构建R&D项目投资组合的多准则模型。这些模型在有限范围内考虑是有效的,然而对于R&D项目的调度问题,是这些方法所不能解决的。本文将模糊集理论及启发调度的方法引入R&D项目组合的决策分析之中,以期寻求其最优解。最后用算例对R&D项目组合进行系统分析与研究。     

清洁技术企业专利组合策略研究

清洁技术企业的创新方案往往具有跨领域和多层次的特点,专利组合是这类企业全面保护其创新方案及获取持续竞争力的必要与有力工具。案例分析风能领域典型企业专利组合的构建过程,证实专利组合的构建必须基于技术发展趋势和竞争态势的把握,同时揭示清洁技术企业专利组合策略的一般模式。而对"碳捕获和封存"领域专利文献的分析发现,专利组合分析方法可以对拟研究领域内的技术及竞争情况进行有效监控,并反过来为企业建立专利组合提供多层面、可视化的情报信息。     

Critical role of leadership in nurturing a knowledge-supporting culture

This paper addresses the critical role leadership plays in the implementation and facilitation of knowledge management activities. Leadership is particularly important for organizations willing to ‘evolve’ their culture to a knowledge-supporting culture. Organizational culture has been identified as the main impediment to knowledge activities, and therefore leaders should model the proper behaviors causing culture to evolve in a way that enables and motivates knowledge workers to create, codify, transfer, and use and leverage knowledge. In the literature this leadership behavior is referred to as ‘leading through a knowledge lens’. Leading through a knowledge lens has some special characteristics since it is dealing with knowledge workers having specialized expertise. Leading them can be done only by intellectual power, conviction, persuasion, and interactive dialog. It requires skills that build confidence and engagement. Therefore, leaders should establish trust and commitment that will help the knowledge organization to achieve its knowledge and business goals.     

档案袋在英语专业阅读教学中的应用研究

档案袋是西方评价改革运动中形成和发展起来的一种新的评价方式．本研究将学习档案袋应用于英语专业学生的评价体系．探求档案袋评价在英语阅读中起到的作用以及该评价能否提高英语专业学生阅读能力．以便于教师调整英语专业阅读课教学方法．达到提高学生阅读能力 的目的。通过研究发现．把档案袋评价应用于英语专业阅读教学．可以摆脱以往单一的传统的终结性评价方式．加强自评、互评：同时能够激发学生的阅读兴趣,提高阅读能力,扩大词汇量．而且有益于师生、生生之间的交流。‘     

集体主义导向、知识属性与知识共享行为研究

知识共享行为是一种高度情景嵌入性行为，但以往研究鲜有同时关注文化情景与知识情景对知识共享行为的影响机理。本文选取集体主义导向作为文化情境的代表构念，选取知识的隐性程度、感知的知识个体所有权、感知的知识价值作为知识情景的代表构念，探究了集体主义导向(文化情景)、三类知识属性(知识情景)与知识共享行为之间的关系。通过多源信息(自我+他人汇报)问卷调查，采集了1182份有效数据。研究结果表明：集体主义导向促进知识共享行为；知识的隐性程度和感知的知识个体所有权抑制知识共享行为；感知的知识价值与知识共享行为存在“倒U型”关系；感知的知识个体所有权和感知的知识价值正向调节集体主义导向与知识共享行为间关系。