20世纪英国科技政策的研究

梳理20世纪英国学术界有关国内科技政策研究的演化脉络,从一个侧面介绍英国学术界的变化趋势和学术与政治之间的微妙互动。     

中国科学技术期刊的学术分层机制

 学术性科学技术期刊在学术维度上的分层是一种客观现象,高质稿源集中流向少数期刊是出现学术分层现象的根本原因。核心期刊遴选的周期性具有重要的意义,它使期刊的层内和层际流动成为可能,大幅度地提高了期刊界的开放程度。然而,也正是因为管理制度对期刊级别的强调,造成中国许多优秀的论文流向国外期刊,从而导致中国学术性科学技术期刊陷入了提高国际地位的困境。     

International academic knowledge creation and ba. A case study from Finland

Knowledge is created through discourse in ba that is the physical, mental and/or virtual arena of knowledge creation. This article studies ba in international humanist (H-group), technical (T-group) and scientific (S-group) research groups. These international groups consist of members originating from many countries. The empirical evidence is derived from interviews and discourse analysis of three research groups from the University of Oulu which, by staff, is the most international large university in Finland. The article advances understanding of ba by considering the theory of ba in relation to the discourse and exploratory case study. In the case groups, ba is formed in relation to the knowledge type created, suitable characteristics of a group member and structural factors related to administrative responsibilities. Humanist knowledge, with abstract concepts and philosophical discussions, is created with deeper attention to language and social bonds inside the H-group than the more accurate scientific and technical knowledge in the S- and T-groups.     

The role of academic technology transfer organizations in improving industry science links

The transfer of scientific and technological know-how into valuable economic activity has become a high priority on many policy agendas. Industry Science Links (ISLs) are an important dimension of this policy orientation. Over the last decades, multiple insights have been gained (both theoretical and empirical) as to how “effective” ISLs can be fostered through the design and the development of university-based technology transfer organizations (TTOs). In this paper, we document and analyze the evolution of “effective” university-based technology transfer mechanisms. We describe how decentralized organizational approaches and incentives that stimulate the active involvement of the research groups in the exploitation of their research findings might be combined with specialized central services offering intellectual property management and spin-off support. More particularly, we analyze how the creation of:

(1)

an appropriate balance between centralization and decentralization within academia;

(2)

the design of appropriate incentive structures for academic research groups;

(3)

the implementation of appropriate decision and monitoring processes within the TTO

has brought about critical elements in fostering an “effective” commercialization of the academic science base.     

加大科技工作力度 促进特色学科建设

学科建设是高等学校立足和发展的生命线，是各项建设的龙头。黑龙江科技学院面向区域经济。加大科技工作力度，突出矿业特色，强化政策机制，实施人才战略，提升实验条件，研发科技成果，建设优势明显的学科群，实现了学科建设的跨越式发展。     

基于科学学期刊论文的国家基金项目计量学研究

 运用文献计量学的原理和方法,以1998—2007年《中文社会科学引文索引》（CSSCI）13种科学学来源期刊中的国家基金论文为统计数据源,对10年来资助发表论文的国家基金项目进行计量学研究,分析揭示国家基金项目的空间分布、资助绩效、结构特征及发展趋势等。     

山东省知识创造能力评价和区域比较研究

通过对山东省知识创造能力的现状分析,以及和其它知识创造能力优于山东省的区域进行比较,找出差距,发现问题,明确薄弱环节,对于加快提高区域创新能力,加快区域创新体系建设、实现经济又好又快的发展,具有重要的战略意义.     

省部科技合作：从国家科技管理迈向“国家-区域”科技治理

 中国的科技管理模式经历了中央指令型科技管理和政府引导型科技管理两个时期,第二个时期又可以细分为改革阶段,深化改革阶段,省部合作、科技治理阶段3个阶段。导致这一演化的因素是中央与地方政府间合作关系的建立,部分科技产品的准公共属性以及我国科技资源的稀缺性、分散性与浪费等。省部科技合作具有主体上的多中心,对象上的准公共属性以及网络化特征。应建立府际或者跨区域科技协调机构,明确合作治理机制中“中央-地方”的角色定位,以及构建“垂直省部、水平跨域、公私合作”的科技治理网络。     

中国科学院知识创新成果支撑科技奥运

科技奥运是把现代科学技术全方位、多渠道地嵌入奥运会,通过广泛应用当代最先进的科技成果,让科学精神和思维,以及各种科技成就渗透到奥运会的每一个细节。     

关于申报科技成果奖励的管理研究

从科技成果管理的角度出发,结合作者的科技成果管理知识和工作经验。阐明科技成果报奖管理工作中应注意的几个关键问题。     

Taxonomy and why history of science matters for science: a case study

The history of science often has difficulty connecting with science at the lab-bench level, raising questions about the value of history of science for science. This essay offers a case study from taxonomy in which lessons learned about particular failings of numerical taxonomy (phenetics) in the second half of the twentieth century bear on the new movement toward DNA barcoding. In particular, it argues that an unwillingness to deal with messy theoretical questions in both cases leads to important problems in the theory and practice of identifying taxa. This argument makes use of scientific and historical considerations in a way that the authors hope leads to convincing conclusions about the history of taxonomy as well as about its present practice.     

Weblogs for organizational knowledge sharing and creation: a comparative case study

The use of weblogs as an information and communication technology for knowledge sharing and creation is a novel social and organizational phenomenon. In this paper, we identify and explain contingency factors that influence the successful use of weblogs for knowledge sharing and creation. We start from the assumption that successful knowledge management requires the motivation of people to engage in knowledge-related communication. Based on a comparison of two antithetic cases, we identify and discuss four contingency factors that directly influence the motivational impact of weblogs on organizational knowledge sharing and creation.     

Knowledge creation processes as critical enablers for innovation

Knowledge conversion is a prominent theme within the knowledge management field and the question arises how knowledge creation processes can grow innovation capability maturity. This notion provides the platform for aligning knowledge creation processes to the requirements for innovation capability growth from one maturity level to the next. In order to achieve this alignment, the authors identified a knowledge creation path as a key enabler for maturity growth in each innovation capability area. Knowledge management tools and organisational facilitating conditions that support the specific knowledge processes highlighted in the identified path were identified through a literature study and subsequently synthesised to form a framework. This framework provides guidelines for the use of knowledge creation processes as a vehicle to improve innovation. The amount of time needed to practically test the framework does not allow for the practical implementation of the framework and the impact of the framework was demonstrated by discussing a practical organisational scenario.     

Knowledge creation and competitive advantage in turbulent environments: a process model of organizational learning

This qualitative longitudinal study observed the strategy process of several Spanish banks at the turn of the century, where the industry was undergoing a structural transformation due to the threat of Internet banking. We develop a model of organizational learning informed by an integration of findings from a qualitative study with theoretical perspectives from the strategy, knowledge creation, and learning literatures. The model is then used to compare and contrast the different learning processes that led these banks to the development and implementation of diverse Internet banking strategies, and to draw preliminary conclusions regarding the potential relationships between the learning processes used, the strategies chosen, and their performance outcomes.     

Chemistry as the defining science: discipline and training in nineteenth-century chemical laboratories

The institutional revolution has become a major landmark of late-nineteenth century science, marking the rapid construction of large, institutional laboratories which transformed scientific training and practice. Although it has served historians of physics well, the institutional revolution has proved much more contentious in the case of chemistry. I use published sources, mainly written by chemists and largely focused on laboratories built in German-speaking lands between about 1865 and 1900, to show that chemical laboratory design was inextricably linked to productive practice, large-scale pedagogy and disciplinary management. I argue that effective management of the novel risks inherent in teaching and doing organic synthesis was significant in driving and shaping the construction of late-nineteenth century institutional chemical laboratories, and that these laboratories were essential to the disciplinary development of chemistry. Seen in this way, the laboratory necessarily becomes part of the material culture of late-nineteenth century chemistry, and I show how this view leads not only to a revision of what is usually known as the laboratory revolution in chemistry but also to a new interpretation of the institutional revolution in physics.     

Knowledge map creation and maintenance for virtual communities of practice

This paper proposes a knowledge map management system to facilitate knowledge management in virtual communities of practice. To realize the proposed knowledge map management, we develop knowledge map creation and maintenance functions by utilizing information retrieval and data mining techniques. The knowledge maps created respectively from the documents of the teachers’ professional community, SCTNet, and the thesis repository at Taiwan’s National Central Library, are evaluated by experts of these two domains. Knowledge maps generated by the system are accepted by domain experts from the evaluation since the degree of their modification of the automatically created knowledge maps is proportionally small. The knowledge structure representing the categories of community documents maintains its high purity, diversity, specificity, and structure adaptation by using the knowledge map maintenance function with limited computational cost. Thus, the knowledge map creation and maintenance mechanisms developed in this research enable the dynamic knowledge management of communities of practice on the Internet.     

Knowledge creation in strategic alliances based on an evolutionary perspective: a mathematical representation

From the resource-based view, strategic alliances can be defined by a long-term cooperative arrangement between two or more independent firms that exchange and share resources to gain market power and competitive advantage. Since knowledge has become the critical element for firms to achieve competitive advantage, one goal of strategic alliances can be realized by acquiring knowledge through partners. In this paper, the process of knowledge creation in strategic alliances is explained and clarified based on an evolutionary perspective. In addition, a mathematical representation is used to show how knowledge is created in strategic alliances, why firms are willing to create and share knowledge by entering into alliances, and what conditions are required to achieve successful knowledge creation under such arrangements.     

中试熟化型农业科技项目实施效果评估研究——基于农业科技跨越计划的实证分析

本文基于过程管理视角,从技术水平、经济效益、社会效益和生态效益四个维度构建了中试熟化型农业科技项目实施效果评估指标体系;运用模糊综合评价法,构建了项目评估模型;通过农业科技跨越计划的实例分析,验证了该指标体系的切适性及评价模型的有效性。研究认为,只有设定科学的评估指标,吸收终端用户农民参与评估,才能较为准确地反映农业科技成果熟化程度,为成果进一步推广应用提供可靠依据。     

科研团队绩效评估国内研究综述

目前国内对科研团队绩效评估的研究重点在评估指标体系的构建上,但还未形成公认的评估指标系统,还需要根据不同评估需求者的需求特点、在考虑不同学科特点基础上作深入研究.