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This paper is an attempt to present disclosive ethics as a framework for computer and information ethics – in line with the
suggestions by Brey, but also in quite a different manner. The potential of such an approach is demonstrated through a disclosive
analysis of facial recognition systems. The paper argues that the politics of information technology is a particularly powerful
politics since information technology is an opaque technology – i.e. relatively closed to scrutiny. It presents the design
of technology as a process of closure in which design and use decisions become black-boxed and progressively enclosed in increasingly
complex socio-technical networks. It further argues for a disclosive ethics that aims to disclose the nondisclosure of politics
by claiming a place for ethics in every actual operation of power – as manifested in actual design and use decisions and practices.
It also proposes that disclosive ethics would aim to trace and disclose the intentional and emerging enclosure of politics
from the very minute technical detail through to social practices and complex social-technical networks. The paper then proceeds
to do a disclosive analysis of facial recognition systems. This analysis discloses that seemingly trivial biases in recognition
rates of FRSs can emerge as very significant political acts when these systems become used in practice.
Paper prepared for the Technology and Ethics Workshop at Twente 相似文献
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Ashley Stanley K. Chavda A. Subramanian S. V. Prabhu T. F. Ashavaid 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2017,32(2):239-242
The dopamine receptor-D4 and the dopamine transporter have been investigated for their role in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Reports of their genetic association with ADHD have shown mixed results. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) of the DRD4 and DAT1 genes with ADHD in children. A pilot 1:1 case control study, with 44 clinically confirmed ADHD cases and 44 age/gender matched healthy controls, was conducted at a tertiary care centre in Mumbai. Variable number tandem repeats of DRD4 exon 3, DAT1 intron 8 and 3′UTR were genotyped by PCR-AGE. Several allele repeats of the genes were observed in the screened subjects. Statistical significance was observed for the 10R/10R genotype of the DAT1 3′UTR VNTR between cases and controls. 相似文献
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Knowledge is the currency of the current economy and a vital resource for sustaining organisational performance in today’s knowledge-based intensively competitive business environment. To avoid the detrimental consequences of knowledge loss, managers are urged to identify where knowledge stocks exist and how knowledge flows within their organisations by identifying knowledge holders among their employees. Although some studies have attempted to use different methods to measure knowledge at the organisational level, very few have addressed the individual knowledge holder. Moving from a critical literature review of the existing knowledge measurement approaches, this paper proposes a novel framework that enables organisations to measure individual knowledge in the business context using a set of metrics, which are subsequently validated via a series of in-depth interviews with senior managers. A summary of the managers’ views on individual knowledge measurement is presented, and reflections on the industry application of the proposed framework and recommendations for its improvement are also discussed. 相似文献
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T. A. Ajith 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2010,25(1):67-73
Iron is an essential nutrient for a number of cellular activities. However, excess cellular iron can be toxic by producing
reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion (O2−) and hydroxyl radical (HO·) that damage proteins, lipids and DNA. Mutagenic and genotoxic end products of lipid peroxidation can induce the decline
of mitochondrial respiration and are associated with various human ailments including aging, neurodegenerative disorders,
cancer etc. Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) is a widely used spice around the world. The protective effect of aqueous
ethanol extract of Z. officinale against ROS-induced in vitro lipid peroxidation and DNA damage was evaluated in this study.
The lipid peroxidation was induced by hydroxyl radical generated from Fenton’s reaction in rat liver and brain homogenates
and mitochondrial fraction (isolated from rat liver). The DNA protection was evaluated using H2O2-induced changes in pBR-322 plasmid and Fenton reaction-induced DNA fragmentation in rat liver. The results indicated that
Z. officinale significantly (P<0.001) protected the lipid peroxidation in all the tissue homogenate/mitochondria. The extract
at 2 and 0.5 mg/ml could protect 92 % of the lipid peroxidation in brain homogenate and liver mitochondria respectively. The
percent inhibition of lipid peroxidation at 1mg/ml of Z. officinale in the liver homogenate was 94 %. However, the extract
could partially alleviate the DNA damage. The protective mechanism can be correlated to the radical scavenging property of
Z. officinale. The results of the study suggest the possible nutraceutical role of Z. officinale against the oxidative stress
induced human ailments. 相似文献
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This paper presents the results of an on-going research project aiming at developing GraviCS, an information system supporting local government and citizens in managing argumentations during the setting up of a Regional Natural Park in Southern Italy. We consider that organizational memory, structured within information systems supporting decision-making and action in organizational environments, can be a useful means for developing multilevel (individual, group, organizational) collaborative learning; in this sense the system architecture was designed referring to the organizational domain emerging in the decision making context of a Natural Park and was finalized to the dynamic representation of the organizational memory. Starting from the case study – the process for the Gravina Natural Park setting-up – , the paper describes the system's architecture and discusses some issues related to: possible dynamic representations of organizational memory; creation, use and storage of decision/learning histories. 相似文献
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Amirhosein Khoshi Yousof Mortazavi Abbass Akbari Sepideh Sokhanvar Sadraddin Kalantari 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2009,24(4):381-387
Elevated Apolipoprotein B Apolipoprotein A-I ratio is a risk factor for predicting coronary artery disease (CAD). Paraoxonase
1 (PON1) is a high density lipoprotein (HDL) associated serum enzyme. PON1 protects lowdensity lipoproteins (LDLs) from oxidative
modifications and thus has a protective effect against CAD progression. There are two common polymorphisms, Q192R and L55M,
in PON1 gene. There may be a relationship between these polymorphisms and elevated ApoB/ApoA-I ratios. Therefore, we decided
to evaluate effect of these polymorphisms on individuals with high and normal ApoB/ApoA-I ratios. To evaluate Q192R and L55M
polymorphisms in Iranian case group (n=75) with high ApoB/ApoA-I ratio, and control group (n=75) with normal ApoB/ApoA-I ratio,
we carried out PCR using specific primers. Then, we digested PCR products by RFLP. ApoB and ApoA-I levels were determined
by immunoturbidimetry method. Genotype frequencies for Q192R were determined: 49.3%QQ, 44%QR, 6.7%RR in case group, and 53.3%QQ,
33.3%QR, 13.4%RR in controls (P= 0.236). Genotype frequencies for L55M were determined: 21.3%LL, 68%LM, 10.7%MM in case group
and 42.7%LL, 52%LM, 5.3%MM in controls (P= 0.016). A significant relationship between L55M polymorphism and familial history
of cardiovascular disease was found (P= 0.011). In our study PON1L55M polymorphism was associated with high ApoB/ApoA-I ratios
in case group. Thus, L55M polymorphism may be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Since L55M polymorphism
was associated with familial history of cardiovascular disease, it is better to evaluate L55M polymorphism in younger ages
even in the absence of high ApoB/ApoA-I ratios. 相似文献
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This paper emphasizes the role of language in constructing knowledge. It considers the context-dependant nature of knowledge: how do people interpret the situation; what tasks have to be accomplished; which knowledge do they consider important; etc. Firstly, the paper outlines its assumptions on epistemological issues, that is the knowledge concept and the role of language and meaning in creating knowledge. Secondly, referring to discourse theory the paper sheds light on the use of language in varying social contexts, highlighting interactivity, context dependency, functional, and creative nature of language. Thirdly, for the purpose of illustration the theoretical findings on language and meaning in constructing knowledge will be applied to the case of the Challenger accident. 相似文献
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G. Sharmila Banu Ganeshan Kumar A. G. Murugesan 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2009,24(3):250-256
Aflatoxins are potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic agents. Reactive oxygen species and consequent peroxidative damage
caused by aflatoxin are considered to be the main mechanisms leading to hepatotoxicity. The present investigation aims at
assessing the hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic leaves extract of Trianthema portulacastrum on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced hepatotoxicity in a rat model. The hepatoprotection of T. portulacastrum is compared with silymarin, a well known
standard hepatoprotectant. Lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases were found
to be significantly increased in the serum and decreased in the liver of AFB1 administered (1 mg/kg bw, orally) rats, suggesting hepatic damage. Marked increase in the lipid peroxide levels and a concomitant
decrease in the enzymic (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase and glutathione-S-transferase) and nonenzymic (reduced glutathione, vitamin C and vitamin E) antioxidants in
the hepatic tissue were observed in AFB1 administered rats. Pretreatment with T. portulacastrum (100 mg/kg/p.o) and silymarin
(100 mg/kg /p.o) for 7 days reverted the condition to near normal. The results of this study indicate that the ethanolic leaves
extract of T. portulacastrum is a potent hepatoprotectant as silymarin. 相似文献
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Patra SK Jain A Sherwal BL Khanna A 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2010,25(3):315-318
To detect the site of mutation in RRDR of rpo B gene for rifampicin resistance in MDR-TB by DNA sequencing. 50 MDR-TB patients
were enrolled in our study after informed written consent. Mycobacterial DNA was extracted from sputum samples by Universal
Sample Processing (USP) method and RRDR of rpo B gene was amplified by PCR using primers RP4T and RP8T and then sequenced
by automated DNA sequencing. The nucleotide sequences of RRDR of rpo B gene were compared with the reference sequence. We
observed three different types of mutation in the RRDR of rpo B gene. The frequency of mutation in codon 531 (TCG → TTG),
526 (CAC → TAC) and 516 (GAC → GTC) are 60, 26.6 and 6.6% respectively. Of the total cases studied, 6.6% cases, although resistant
to rifampicin, did not show any mutation in the RRDR of rpo B gene. Codon 531 (TCG → TTG) is the most common site of mutation
in RRDR of rpo B gene for rifampicin resistance in MDR-pulmonary tuberculosis followed by codon 526 (CAC → TAC) and codon
516 (GAC → GTC). 相似文献
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Nidhi Sharma Veena Garg Arpita Paul 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2010,25(2):193-200
Alloxan administration in male Swiss albino mice, induced diabetes by increasing blood glucose concentration and reducing
hepatic glycogen content as compared to normal control group. Besides, serum lipid profile parameters such as total-cholesterol,
triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were also elevated, whereas, the level
of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was reduced significantly (P<0.05) in diabetic mice. Treatment of diabetic animals
with crude ethanolic extract of bark of Prosopis cineraria (P. cineraria) for 45 days, significantly lowered blood glucose
level, elevated hepatic glycogen content and maintained body weight and lipid-profile parameters towards near normal range.
Declined activity of antioxidant enzymes and concentration of non-enzymatic antioxidants were also normalized by drug treatment,
thereby reducing the oxidative damage in the tissues of diabetic animals and hence indicating the anti-diabetic and antioxidant
efficacy of the extract. 相似文献
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The anti oxidative effect of administration of 100 mg/kg bw and 200 mg/kg bw of the flower powder of Cassia auriculata (CFP) for 45 days to normoglycemic and diabetic rats (streptozotocin induced) was studied. Anti oxidative effect was not
observed in normoglycemic rats in the experiment. There was significant (P > 0.05) increase in the level of Thio Barbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), hydroperoxide and conjugated dienes and
significant (P > 0.05) decrease in the catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and in the level of ascorbic
acid, vitamin E and reduced glutathione in diabetic rats. The flower powder of Cassia auriculata significantly (P > 0.05) decreased the TBARS, hydroperoxide and conjugated dienes and increased the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide
dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and non enzymic anti oxidants (ascorbic acid, vitamin E and reduced glutathione). The
antioxidatve effect of 200 mg/kg bw CFP was significantly (P > 0.05) better than 100 mg/kg bw CFP and the reference drugs (tolbutamide and metformin). The mode of action of CFP remains
to be elicited. 相似文献