Researching Internet Communities: Proposed Ethical Guidelines for the Reporting of Results

Communication researchers and social scientists are quickly discovering the value of data that exists in the postings of members of Internet e-mail, Usenet, and real-time groups. The ability to communicate with one's peers, no matter how esoteric the interests, is causing an explosion in the number of new virtual communities. The interpersonal dynamics of these groups are increasingly coming under the scrutiny of academic research. The publicly available archived records of Internet virtual communities are being analyzed for a wide variety of research interests. The ability to do naturalistic observations of group dynamics, as they are exhibited in these exchanges of text, has captured the attention of many researchers. The institutional review boards of major universities are granting researchers exempt or expedited (exempt from full review) status for this work, due to the public nature of the notes being analyzed. These studies often involve the lack of informed consent, where the group members under study are unaware they are being monitored. There is a potential for psychological harm to the members of these groups, depending on the way results are reported. This article explores the ethical considerations that must be taken into account to protect cyberspace participants. The guidelines proposed are based on the American Psychological Association ethical guidelines for use of human subjects in research. An explanation is offered as to how such guidelines can best be applied to the study of Internet communities. The constructs of Group Accessibility (the public/private nature of the actual cyberspace occupied by a group) and Perceived Privacy (the level of privacy that group members assume they have) are defined and proposed as two dimensions by which individual Internet communities may be evaluated in order to assure the ethical reporting of research findings.     

Unwanted advances in higher education:Uncovering sexual harassment experiences in academia with text mining

Sexual harassment in academia is often a hidden problem because victims are usually reluctant to report their experiences. Recently, a web survey was developed to provide an opportunity to share thousands of sexual harassment experiences in academia. Using an efficient approach, this study collected and investigated more than 2,000 sexual harassment experiences to better understand these unwanted advances in higher education. This paper utilized text mining to disclose hidden topics and explore their weight across three variables: harasser gender, institution type, and victim's field of study. We mapped the topics on five themes drawn from the sexual harassment literature and found that more than 50% of the topics were assigned to the unwanted sexual attention theme. Fourteen percent of the topics were in the gender harassment theme, in which insulting, sexist, or degrading comments or behavior was directed towards women. Five percent of the topics involved sexual coercion (a benefit is offered in exchange for sexual favors), 5% involved sex discrimination, and 7% of the topics discussed retaliation against the victim for reporting the harassment, or for simply not complying with the harasser. Findings highlight the power differential between faculty and students, and the toll on students when professors abuse their power. While some topics did differ based on type of institution, there were no differences between the topics based on gender of harasser or field of study. This research can be beneficial to researchers in further investigation of this paper's dataset, and to policymakers in improving existing policies to create a safe and supportive environment in academia.     

网络教学模式在“妇产科学”本科临床教学中的应用探讨

目的：探讨妇产科学网络教学模式的可行性,并与传统教学模式比较,评价不同教学模式的教学效果。方法：以中南大学湘雅三医院2007级五年制临床医学专业的学生为研究对象,根据自愿原则将同学分为2组,分别采用传统教学模式和传统教学模式＋网络教学模式授课。结果：在期末考试及课后问卷调查中,在激发学生学习的兴趣性、自主性、互动性及个性化教学方面,网络教学组的教学效果优于传统教学组,且差异有显著性（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论：与传统的教学模式相比较而言,网络教学模式能更好地发挥学生学习的主动性、互动性及更好地实现个性化教学。     

Doxing: a conceptual analysis

Doxing is the intentional public release onto the Internet of personal information about an individual by a third party, often with the intent to humiliate, threaten, intimidate, or punish the identified individual. In this paper I present a conceptual analysis of the practice of doxing and how it differs from other forms of privacy violation. I distinguish between three types of doxing: deanonymizing doxing, where personal information establishing the identity of a formerly anonymous individual is released; targeting doxing, that discloses personal information that reveals specific details of an individual’s circumstances that are usually private, obscure, or obfuscated; and delegitimizing doxing, which reveals intimate personal information that damages the credibility of that individual. I also describe how doxing differs from blackmail and defamation. I argue that doxing may be justified in cases where it reveals wrongdoing (such as deception), but only if the information released is necessary to reveal that such wrongdoing has occurred and if it is in the public interest to reveal such wrongdoing. Revealing additional information, such as that which allows an individual to be targeted for harassment and intimidation, is unjustified. I illustrate my discussion with the examples of the alleged identification of the creator of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto, by Newsweek magazine, the identification of the notorious Reddit user Violentacrez by the blog Gawker, and the harassment of game developer Zoe Quinn in the ‘GamerGate’ Internet campaign.     

History and Habit in the Mobilization of ICT Resources

A healthy civil society has long been held as vital to a healthy democracy and there is interest in whether the Internet affects this linkage. This paper explores the relationships between offline and online modes of associational life and also analyzes offline and online interactions with local governments in the US context. Based on our empirical analyses of 1,203 respondents, we show that online participation is not simply an extension of offline participation, but can be distinguished in important ways. First, we find that political and community-oriented engagements cluster separately from more private-regarding engagements. Second, participants of online democratic engagement are not characterized by the SES markers associated with offline democratic engagement who are older, have higher incomes, and have lived in the community longer. Finally, we find significant links between democratic engagement with the political system and involvement with political associations (but not social and community-oriented associations).     

Civil Society and Cyber Society: The Role of the Internet in Community Associations and Democratic Politics

A healthy civil society has long been held as vital to a healthy democracy and there is interest in whether the Internet affects this linkage. This paper explores the relationships between offline and online modes of associational life and also analyzes offline and online interactions with local governments in the US context. Based on our empirical analyses of 1,203 respondents, we show that online participation is not simply an extension of offline participation, but can be distinguished in important ways. First, we find that political and community-oriented engagements cluster separately from more private-regarding engagements. Second, participants of online democratic engagement are not characterized by the SES markers associated with offline democratic engagement who are older, have higher incomes, and have lived in the community longer. Finally, we find significant links between democratic engagement with the political system and involvement with political associations (but not social and community-oriented associations).     

基于嵌入性视角的用户驱动创新模式研究——以互联网视听行业为例

随着下一代互联网、移动互联网、云计算等新一代信息技术的飞速发展和全球化竞争背景下市场需求多元化、个性化的快速变革,用户参与创新已成为企业及时响应市场需求,获取竞争优势的重要途径。目前对用户驱动创新的研究多聚焦于用户本身的创新行为,如用户类型、用户创新动机、用户创新影响因素及预期收益等,缺乏用户与企业互动机制的研究。以嵌入性理论为依据,以互联网视听行业为例,将用户参与企业创新视为社会组织嵌入经济活动的过程,分析提出了被动卷入、共同创造和主动参与3种用户驱动创新模式,并从关系嵌入性与结构嵌入性2个视角探讨了企业与用户的作用机制。     

互联网结伴旅游中的不完全代理现象——基于召集者与参与者的信息搜寻行为比较

互联网结伴旅游是当前自助旅游的一种常见方式,结伴旅游时往往由活动召集者在网上发出旅游活动倡议,为参加者安排旅游行程,发挥着类似旅行社旅游代理的作用,本文旨在揭示召集者发挥代理作用的条件和过程。借助于案例研究,通过深入访谈,研究发现召集者和参与者在出游前信息搜寻的渠道、内容和努力程度以及参加活动的动机均不同,这些差异导致了召集者相对参与者拥有信息优势,信息优势是代理作用发挥的条件,互联网口碑使其代理角色固化。这种代理不同于传统旅行社基于商业合同的代理,是基于信息优势、旅游经验并借助于互联网口碑形成的,因此本文将其命名为“不完全代理”,借助于不完全代理这一概念本文进一步分析了互联网结伴旅游的特征,并将之与科恩的旅游者类型进行比较,尝试对科恩的旅游者类型划分方法进行修正。     

An information push-delivery system design for personal information service on the Internet

As Web-related techniques and equipment grow, the Internet has become popular as a major channel for providing a wide variety of information. However, users face the serious problem of information overload when acquiring increasing amounts of information from the Internet. This problem is one of the most important issues in providing information services to meet users’ requirements in an electronic commerce environment. In this paper, we propose an information push-delivery system, which applies fuzzy information retrieval and fuzzy similarity measurement to avoid the information overload problem. This proposed system is helpful for users to acquire suitable information from the Internet. An empirical investigation of the proposed system is implemented in this study. The results show that the degree of satisfaction for the received information for all participants was as high as 71%, indicating that the proposed system can effectively provide correct and interesting information for users.     

互联网下分销模式变化对制造商和零售商销售利润影响研究

以互联网为背景,采用效用函数方法研究了不同的分销模式对制造商和零售商销售利润的影响.针对混合渠道、单一分销及网络直销三种重要渠道模式,对比分析了三种不同分销模式下生产商、传统零售商的产品销售价格与销售利润.获得如下研究结果:对于生产商,混合渠道优于单一的分销渠道和网络直销,生产商具有最大的利润空间,当传统零售、网络直销两种不同渠道下产品效用与渠道运作成本之差的比值小于某一数值时,网络直销渠道则强于传统分销渠道;而对于传统零售商,当渠道替换率取值使两种不同渠道下产品效用与渠道运作成本之差的比值满足一定条件时,零售商与拥有网络直销渠道的生产商合作,可以获得高于单一分销渠道下获取的利润.研究结果表明,企业分销模式不同,企业获取利润的能力就有所不同.最后,为制造商和零售商提高销售利润提出了建议.     

A framework for internet channel evaluation

The Internet is becoming an increasingly important and pervasive channel to market for many organisations. Despite its importance, and the continued pressure to justify IT expenditure, few organisations undertake comprehensive channel evaluation. Market leading evaluation firms provide technical and operational metrics for their clients such as the number of hits per page and site response times, but more sophisticated concepts such as user value and long-term business benefits remain underexplored in practice. In contrast, there is a growing academic literature on channel evaluation. Many frameworks and metrics have been proposed recently. This paper brings theory and practice together by synthesizing existing frameworks proposed by academics with those used by the market leaders in Internet channel evaluation. The resulting framework has two levels—a business- and a user-level. The framework is validated by Internet consultants, channel managers and channel users in three different sectors: retail, financial services and higher education. The framework is refined following the validation in response to the need for a simpler, more usable set of metrics. The outcome is a framework split into three “sets”. Set A constitutes the foundation stone of an Internet channel evaluation programme and consists of a core set of objective user-level metrics. Set B contains a further set of more sophisticated user-level metrics. Set C addresses business-level metrics, which enable the long-term contribution of the Internet channel to be evaluated.     

社会互动、互联网使用对农村居民生活垃圾分类意愿的影响

改善农村环境已成为实现乡村振兴的重要支撑,调动农村居民个体参与意愿是提升农村环境整体治理水平的有力抓手.本文以农村生活垃圾分类治理为例,基于中国劳动力动态调查数据(CLDS),通过构建Manski互动效应模型和递归双变量Probit(RBP)模型,实证检验社会互动、互联网使用对居民生活垃圾分类意愿的影响,旨在为推动农村...     

International research collaboration: An emerging domain of innovation studies?

International research collaboration (IRC) has been increasingly important as an emerging area of innovation studies. This study reviews the intellectual base, main research trajectories and intellectual communities of the IRC research domain over the period 1957–2015. It integrates qualitative review and three quantitative analyses including co-citation network analysis, main path analysis and bibliographic coupling analysis. The results show that the IRC research has gone through three phases, namely, “emergence” (1957–1991), “fermentation” (1992–2005) and “take-off” (2006–2015) phases. The co-citation network analysis confirms that the IRC research field has been developed under the influence of two pioneering studies related to bibliometrics research. The main research trajectories in IRC studies over the three development phases and over the whole period are identified based on the main path analysis, which shows that co-authorship analysis is the main research method in IRC studies. A bibliographic coupling analysis suggests that the whole IRC research domain can be classified into five distinct intellectual areas: drivers of IRC, IRC patterns, IRC effects, IRC networks and IRC measurement. Seven topics for future research are also identified.     

关于高校图书馆空间再造探讨

在互联网、云计算、大数据时代,传统图书馆越来越难以满足读者种种个性化的需求,图书馆空间资源的挖掘和再造成为图书馆创新服务、谋求突破的重要手段。该文从图书馆空间概念入手,对图书馆空间再造的意义、模式及实现途径进行了探讨。     

"互联网+"跨界经营——基于价值创造的理论构建

“互联网+”本质是实体经济与互联网经济相融合的“跨界经营”现象,并成为当今企业商业模式创新的基本背景。尽管近期涌现出大量研究,但更多从特定对象和局部视角展开讨论,各研究赋予“互联网+”不同内涵,导致理论和实践中出现了概念无法具体化的问题,因此有必要建立整合性框架来界定其内涵与维度。本文以“互联网+”跨界经营的根本目标--价值创造为核心,基于价值识别、价值生成、价值获取三个维度的讨论,建立起一个关于“互联网+”的系统认知框架：传统产业要放弃以往基于报酬递减的价值创造逻辑,通过“脱媒”、顾客社群、新型信任机制以实现价值主张精准化,凭借平行互动、价值商店、改变产品性质以谋求更强的外部经济性,进而在梅特卡夫法则的原理下通过资产置换、信息积累和关系积累获得连接红利。     

跨界合作网络与专利产出的性别差异：基于中科院科研人员调查的实证研究

本文以中科院所属研究院所科研人员为主要调查对象，从跨界合作网络的视角出发，分析专利产出性别差异的社会网络机制。研究主要有3个发现：1.女性科研人员跨界合作网络规模和网络关系强度上均存在明显的欠缺；2.与企业界、其他学科领域合作网络规模和网络关系强度上的欠缺是影响专利产出性别差异的重要因素，而且网络关系强度的影响作用要大于网络规模的影响；3.性别对于跨界合作网络与专利产出关系的调节作用并不显著，即在拥有相同网络规模和网络关系强度的情况下，女性从与各类合作网络关系中获得专利产出回报的可能性与男性并无显著区别。与男性同事相比，女性的专利产出会更多地受到其他因素的影响，如职业早期的企业工作经历、单位组织的知识产权培训等。最后，在结果讨论的基础上提出在学术成果商业化新趋势下减少科技领域性别差异的政策建议。     

互联网背景下平台型商业模式价值创造分析

互联网环境下的平台型商业模式在越来越多的领域得到应用。本文采用案例研究方法旨在探讨互联网背景下平台型商业模式的价值创造逻辑。聚焦互联网平台商业模式的构成模块及模块关系,构建了平台型商业模式价值创造的网络模型,并利用该模型研究阿里巴巴集团三个发展阶段的价值创造逻辑。研究表明：平台参与者在数量、类型、覆盖区域等方面的增长对平台价值提升有正向促进作用;对外部需求的动态响应有助于平台创造新价值;平台核心支撑性业务的发展要与时俱进;以互联网平台为基础的范围经济能够从多个方面驱动平台价值创造。     

物联网三元空间域中传播动力学的形成与演化机制

基于物联网环境下"人(H)-机(M)-物(T)"3类主体所对应的{用户需求域,信息空间域,物理空间域}的三元体系架构,以及贯穿其间的{控制流,数据流,感知流}的动态交互模式,按照"模式构建—决策分析—形态推演"逐层递进的分析思路提出物联网三元空间域的传播动力学模型,从而定量刻画三元网络空间中传播行为的发生发展过程以及由此形成的系统演化状态;最后基于物联传播的模拟仿真环境,对其传播动力学特性进行算例分析。实验研究结果符合预期,验证了传播决策模型的合理性。     

The September 11 Attacks on the US in the New Interactive Media Space in Estonia

This paper examines how Estonians dealt with the news concerning the September 11 attacks in the new electronic communication space of the Internet. This work will summarize people's discussions on the Internet relating to the September 11 attacks by outlining the different narratives that carried people's attitudes and knowledge. The paper aims to show that the Internet was used, not only as a medium for obtaining more information about the attacks, but also as a medium for discussion and crisis support. This research is based on: (1) a survey amongst Tartu University students and follow-up semi-structured interviews; (2) an analysis of the comment pages on Estonian electronic newspapers; and (3) an analysis of three chat logs from Estonian talkers.