Violences et negligences envers les enfants et les adolescents dans les institutions

Institutional abuse comprises a structural aspect directly bound to the institutional area itself as well as direct abuses of all kinds which are commited by members of the staff. Suchh direct abuses can be felt by those who enact them or by observers as being legal in their context or as illicit and therefore concealed. Information about violence in institutions is rarely found in scientific literature. Some books, usually underground, and newspapers deal with the problem. Some press documents can be important to help professionals and the public become more aware of the problem. Testimony from professionals working within institutions may not be justified or may be flawed by ulterior motive. However, when correctly decyphered and interpreted, it is absolutely necessary. Enquiries are difficult and not always conclusive. The paper presents a typology of “violent” institutions and proposes some recommendations to make this problem better known.     

La violence médicale envers les jeunes enfants

Medical Violence Toward Young Children. Two types of medical “abuse” are to be considered: (1) Mandatory violence in the form of preventive medical activities, i.e., immunizations, and curative medical activities, i.e., intensive care medicine. Means of decreasing the psychological trauma associated with these inevitable activities are considered. (2) Avoidable medical violence, of which three different forms can be identified: ? In the institutions: separation of mother and child is still a common occurrence in maternity hospitals and in pediatric hospital services. ? In medical practice: too often symptoms common in infants and children are dealt with by prescribing unnecessary drugs (cough, cold, crying during the night). ? In placement of children under the pretence of medical cures for such foggy diagnoses as “rickets” or “recurring rhinopharyngitis,” which are cover-ups of the inability or refusal on part of the physician to apprehend a child's real problems. Such placements are apt to irreversibly destroy the psychological bonds of the child with his family.The physicians and health care personnel in general should be better prepared to cope with their own subconscious mechanisms, which often result in questionable automatic reflexes and decisions. This would result in a decrease in physical or symbolic abuses toward children.     

Evaluer pour mieux comprendre les enfants et ameliorer sa pratique

Une grande majorité des écoles primaires néerlandaises utilise le suivi des élèves développé par le Citogroep pour signaler le progrès des élèves entre 6 et 12 ans et gérer leurs apprentissages à partir de données empiriques. Ce suivi fonctionne dans ce sens comme un outil de pilotage de l’enseignement données et de l’amélioration des pratiques d’adaptation dans les classes et au niveau de l’école. Une telle évaluation formative etautorégulatrice centrée sur la gestion de longs processus exige un ensemble complexe de connaissances et d’aptitudes. Cela explique bon nombre de problémes auxquels se heurtent les professeurs dans leur pratique, en particulier dans le cadre du soutien des éléves les plus en retard. Ces problémes nous ont poussés à développer une panoplie d’outils adaptés à leurs besoins ainsi que des activités de formation ’sur le tas’, ancrées dans l’évaluation formative pratiquée à l’école. Nous présentons dans cet article la structure, les principes et les outils de cette gestion de (l’amélioration de) l’enseignement différentié, exposons les problémes structurels qui émergent dans la pratique et développons par-là les idées clés de notre approche expérimentale de formation.. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Role mobilisateur du mandat d'autorite et du placement dans l'intervention sociale pour les enfants maltraites

Après l'étude clinique de 22 cas d'intervention sociale à domicile, l'auteur rend compte des réflexions théoriques que ce type d'intervention lui a suggérées. En premier lieu, il a constaté que le comportement de mauvais traitements à enfant était lié à des problématiques aussi diverses qu'un conflit conjugal, des liens affectifs pervers, ou encore une relation à caractère psychotique: Il est donc impossible de dégager à posteriori une “ligne directive unique” dans l'aide apportée à ces familles. Ensuite, il a observé que le rôle mobilisateur de ces interventions était étroitement lié au mandat d'autorité dont le travailleur social était investi et à la possibilité qu'il détenait de demander un placement de l'enfant maltraité. Il en conclut que l'efficacité de ces moyens dépendait autant de la problématique propre à chaque famille que de l'adaptation technique que le travailleur social pouvait en faire dans sa relation avec elle.     

Intervention de la police en France,dans le milieu familial,en cas de mauvais traitements à enfants

Intervention of Police Forces in France in the Family Setting When Child Abuse and Neglect Are Noticed. French police forces, in charge of safety of persons and effects, are accustomed to intervening in family circles when child abuse occurs, and, also, each time a child's security and health are seriously threatened. They can intervene on their own, or respond to orders from an attorney or judge for children (Procureur de la République, Juge d'Instruction, Juge des Enfants). Their investigation is more easily accomplished when child abuse and neglect have just been discovered and traces of violence are still noticeable (Flagrant délit). They establish judicial procedures concerning offences committed against children, especially child abuse and neglect. But they also conduct inquiries of a social nature in order to inform a magistrate of a dangerous situation or behavior of young people under 18. This enables the judge for children to prescribe educative assistance measures. Doctors and social workers are still reluctant to notify policemen and judges, although they do not have to respect professional secrecy in any cases of injuries against children. In order to improve prevention and protection of victims of child abuse and neglect, it is truly necessary to coordinate activities of all those who intervene in pathologic family behavior: doctors, social workers, judges and policemen.     

Dynamique socio-économique et crise familiale et éducative en c?te-d'ivoire de 1960 a 1990

This article reflects on the crisis affecting the sphere of the family and education in Côte d'Ivoire between 1960 and 1990. The country's family structure has been shaken by the market economy, by the conventional school system and by the modern legal code. This has in turn engendered a crisis of parental authority and a variety of problems connected with the instability of marriages in Côte d'Ivoire. How, then, is it possible to redress the situation and establish a partnership between the family, the educational system and society? The author advances a series of propositions for creating a better coordination between the family and the educational sphere and for reinforcing the educative capacity of the family and of society as a whole.     

Dynamique socio-économique et crise familiale et éducative en côte-d'ivoire de 1960 a 1990

International Review of Education - This article reflects on the crisis affecting the sphere of the family and education in Côte d'Ivoire between 1960 and 1990. The country's family...     

Initiatives et resistances dans les etats arabes

Sans résumé     

L'aide sociale peut-elle induire les mauvais traitements a l'enfant?

The authors report a case where the interference of a health worker led to child abuse in a family for which he had charge. They examine the interactions existing between the concerned team and the high-risk family. They notice that violent situations are often maintained by the higher number of psychosocial interventions and by the intrusive and rigid attitudes of the health workers. A real change in the parental situation can only be obtained by a systematic approach to the families involved, centered not only on the interactions between the child and its parents but also on the interactions between the health system and the family.     

A quoi servent les réponses des enfants? Evaluation des réponses d’enfants de 6–7 ans en mathématique

European Journal of Psychology of Education -     

Les Syndicats et les Professionnels Enseignants ou Professeurs d'Université

Sans résumé