European Citizens under Construction: The Bologna process analysed from a governmentality perspective

This article focuses on problematizing the harmonisation of higher education in Europe today. The overall aim is to analyse the construction of the European citizen and the rationality of governing related to such a construction. The specific focus will be on the rules and standards of reason in higher education reforms which inscribe continuums of values that exclude as they include. Who is and who is not constructed as a European citizen? Documents on the Bologna process produced in Europe and in Sweden are analysed drawing on the Foucauldian notion of governmentality, showing a neoliberal rationality of governing. The European citizen needs to become flexible, autonomous and self‐regulating as a way of facing the threats of the constantly changing future. The technique of diversity is a condition of possibility for constructing such a citizen and for harmonising higher education in Europe. Further, the current power relations in the discourse define what is and what is not European, thus constructing ‘the other’, the one who is excluded.     

Learning as Investment: Notes on governmentality and biopolitics

The ‘European Space of Higher Education’ could be mapped as an infrastructure for entrepreneurship and a place where the distinction between the social and the economic becomes obsolete. Using Foucault's understanding of biopolitics and discussing the analyses of Agamben and Negri/Hardt it is argued that the actual governmental configuration, i.e. the economisation of the social, also has a biopolitical dimension. Focusing on the intersection between a politicisation and economisation of human life allows us to discuss a kind of ‘bio‐economisation’ (cf. Bröckling), a regime of economic terror and learning as investment. Finally it is argued how fostering learning, i.e. fostering life (as a learning process) could turn into ‘let die’ and even into ‘make die’.     

'Quality' in the Bologna Process: from 'competitive edge' to quality assurance techniques

The theoretical premise of this article is that policy is constructed and presented discursively. The Bologna process presents us with an example of such a policy construction process where the quality policy goals are set jointly in transnational settings, requiring different kinds of negotiations and discursive strategies. Discourse analysis of policy texts can be useful in tracing policy changes and describing them, but also in explaining and understanding some of the developments that lead up to the implementation of the policies and the (political) views which are embedded in the debates. In this article, some discourse analytical methods are used to analyse the potential meanings of ‘quality’ at the European and national level of the Bologna process. The linguistic analysis focuses on the different meanings of ‘quality’ and the value assumptions attached to it from the point of view of word choice, metaphors and argumentation strategies. The data used are the official declarations and communiqués of the Bologna process; the central background reports of the process; and brief national follow‐up reports prepared for the Berlin meeting of 2003 from Finland, Sweden and the Netherlands.     

Survey on the implementation of the Bologna process in Portugal

For several years Portuguese higher education institutions have been waiting for the legislation framework necessary for the implementation of the Bologna process. Such legislation was passed quite recently (2006) and has resulted in an unexpected flood of proposals presented at very short notice by higher education institutions to the Ministry. It is possible that such fast implementation rate corresponds to implementation “in form” rather than “in substance”, thus softening tensions between the European and the national and local levels. This hypothesis will be tested by analysing the outcomes of a survey conducted in all higher education institutions that have presented proposals of Bologna-type degree programmes or adaptations of old degree programmes to the new Bologna-type structure.     

博洛尼亚进程下马耳他高等教育国际化发展策略探析

当前,马耳他仅有一所大学和两所职业型高等院校,属双轨制高等教育体系。微型国家与地区不是巨型国家的“缩小版本”,有其自身的独特性。高度的外部依赖性使微型国家与地区高等教育系统呈现出微型开放的特征。因而,国际化是马耳他高等教育发展的重要战略,而博洛尼亚进程是马耳他高等教育国际化发展的驱动力。     

博洛尼亚进程:历程、进展与未来

到2007年,推动欧洲高等教育一体化建设的博洛尼亚进程已实施八年。针对2010年建成欧洲高等教育区的目标,对过去两年博洛尼亚进展中的成绩和问题进行了分项目的分析,指出了欧洲高等教育未来发展需要努力的十二个方面。     

博洛尼亚进程：性质及运作机制

博洛尼亚进程是欧洲国家教育部长基于“辅助性原则”自愿签订的无约束力的政府间教育合作计划。这一性质为开放式协调法的运用提供了契机,开放式协调法具有灵活性、开放性、程序性和非限制性等特点,它使博洛尼亚进程在欧洲复杂多元的高等教育逐步走向和谐统一。     

博洛尼亚进程下欧洲十国非大学高等教育变革趋势

二战后,欧洲多国非大学高等教育获得了发展的良机.在博洛尼亚进程的推动下,欧洲高等教育一体化进程提速进行.在此背景下,非大学高等教育在21世纪的头十年里,通过加强学位制度建设,提高教师的学术科研能力,加大学术课程比重等不断谋求新的发展,进一步提升了自身地位.借鉴欧洲经验,我国应坚定不移地发展高等职业教育,进一步加强其职业教育特色,赋予高职教育机构更高的学位授予权.     

波洛尼亚进程框架下俄罗斯高等教育系统的改革

波洛尼亚进程是欧洲高等教育一体化进程的重要组成部分,俄罗斯于2003年签署了<波洛尼亚宣言>.本文主要介绍了俄罗斯在该进程框架下所采取的一系列改革措施.     

背景与基础:博洛尼亚进程的多源流分析

博洛尼亚进程是法国等发起国借助欧洲框架进行整体协调一致的高等教育改革,达到增强自身以致整个欧洲的高等教育竞争力和吸引力之目的.博洛尼亚进程之所以能推进欧洲高等教育的一体化改革,是因为欧洲人历来就具有"全欧理念",也因为欧洲政治、经济的一体化已经发展到一定阶段,对高等教育的一体化提出必然要求,欧洲高等教育领域已有的一些制度和政策也为欧洲高等教育的一体化奠定了基础.     

博洛尼亚进程中高等教育质量保证一体化探究

20世纪90年代,劳动力的流动性促使欧盟成员国意识到共同资格认证的重要性,不断增加的欧洲各国高等教育之间的协作要求学校和系统都需要更大的透明度和理解力。《柏林公报》、《卑尔根公报》以及欧洲大学协会所颁布的五个趋势报告对欧洲高等教育质量保证一体化问题作了系统和详尽的解释。另外,欧洲高等教育质量保证协会（ENQA）颁布的《欧洲高等教育质量保证标准及指导方针》以及其他形式的报告也对欧洲高等教育质量保证的现状和趋势做出了详尽的论述。质量保证是实现欧洲高等教育空间的重中之重,虽然困难重重,但也充满希望。     

欧洲高等教育一体化改革:博洛尼亚进程的结构与过程分析

为应对全球竞争的挑战,顺应欧洲一体化的大趋势,29个欧洲国家于20世纪末启动了旨在整合欧洲高等教育体系的博洛尼亚进程。博洛尼亚进程以可比较、兼容、透明原则构建高等教育系统框架,以达成多样性与一致性的统一;注重整体设计,系统推进;在政策的制定上注重利益相关者的参与,为其顺利推进赢得了广泛的社会支持。博洛尼亚进程的设计、组织与管理,对我国实施系统的高等教育改革具有重要的启示和借鉴意义。     

推进欧洲高等教育一体化的博洛尼亚进程

迄今为止,博洛尼亚进程划分为四个阶段,其标志分别为1998年欧洲四国签订索邦宣言、1999年29国签订博洛尼亚宣言以及此后召开的布拉格会议和柏林会议。越来越多的欧洲国家加入该进程,共同致力于实现到2010年建立欧洲高等教育区的目标,从而大大推进了欧洲高等教育一体化的进程。     

博洛尼亚进程中的意大利高等教育体系改革

作为西方大学发源地的意大利从1999年开始按照《博洛尼亚宣言》的要求对其高等教育体系进行深入改革。改革措施包括实施高等教育三级学位体系、改革学分体系、颁发“文凭补充文件”、完善高等教育质量保障与认证系统、改革博士生培养体系、促进人员流动、推动欧洲高等教育维度等。改革使意大利高等教育体系与欧洲高等教育区更易于接轨。     

The governmentality of reconciliation: adult education as a community relations technique in Northern Ireland

Despite a successfully negotiated peace agreement in Belfast in 1998, tensions between different community groups continue to exist in Northern Ireland. This situation creates a governmental need to find solutions to problems such as segregation, inter- and intra-group violence and other forms of sectarian antagonisms. On the one hand, this is attempted by disciplinary measures such as ‘peace walls’ and an increased presence of state powers such as police and armed forces. On the other hand, community relations discourses remain a common refrain in Northern Ireland with their focus on a ‘conduct of conduct’ approach. In this article, I seek to understand adult community education through community relations initiatives and designated anti-sectarian courses as a governmental technology in Northern Ireland designed to change technologies of the self. The article highlights the possibilities for a way forward inherent in this approach and links community relations to broader contexts of policy developments in Northern Ireland.     

“博洛尼亚进程”的背景、历程及发展趋势

"博洛尼亚进程"是在欧洲政治经济的一体化、世界高等教育国际化和欧洲跨文化学习和研究的背景中产生的,也是20世纪60年代以来最重要、涉及面最广的高等教育改革,是欧洲高等教育一体化的进程。其前期准备、初步探索、正式启动三个阶段以及布拉格会议、柏林会议、卑尔根会议以及"伦敦公报"等历程显示,"博洛尼亚进程"的发展趋势是进一步完善三级学位制度、加强高等教育质量保障、促进学历学位相互承认,力争在2010年建立欧洲高等教育区,实现欧洲高等教育的国际化。     

Negotiating teacher professionalism: governmentality and education reform in Hong Kong

This research investigates how the Hong Kong state controls and disciplines the education sector through the regulation and manipulation of discourses. The authoritative narratives are that some schools are failing the students and parents for not being able to provide quality education, and that these schools are not subject to public scrutiny while spending public money. This article seeks to understand the role of such narratives in neoliberal politics and the marketisation of education which lead to governance in the form of initiatives in school quality assurance mechanism; how different actors (Education Bureau, Professional Teachers' Union and individual teachers) are involved in the process; how they negotiate this governance of education; how such governance transforms the self-perception of teachers as well as the perception of teachers by others; and how teachers interpret, appropriate and resist such discursive power.