The quality of toddler child care and cognitive skills at 24 months: Propensity score analysis results from the ECLS-B

Over half of the toddlers in the US experience routine nonparental care, but much less is known about early care than about preschool care. This study analyzed 2-year-old child care and child outcome data from the nationally representative ECLS-B sample of children born in 2001. At two-years of age, 51% of children experienced exclusive parental care, 18% relative care, 15% family child care, and 16% center care. More children in nonparental care were in medium quality care (61%) than in high quality (26%) or low quality (13%) care. Low-income children were more likely than non-low income children to be cared for by their parents and, when in care, were more often in lower quality care. The impact of toddler care quality on cognitive skills was estimated using propensity score adjustments to account for potential selection confounds due to family and child characteristics. Children's cognitive scores were higher in high or medium quality care than in low quality care, but no evidence emerged suggesting that poverty moderated the quality effects. Nevertheless, this suggests that increasing the proportion of low-income children in high quality care could reduce the achievement gap because low-income children are very unlikely to experience high quality care.     

生吃动物9个月

3名墨西哥渔民乘坐一艘小船在太平洋上历经9个月、数千英里的漂泊后终于被营救上岸。这些渔民靠生吃鸟、鱼和喝雨水幸存下来。这些出海捕捉鲨鱼的渔民表示,他们于去年11月从墨西哥太平洋海岸的家乡圣布拉斯镇出发,在行驶了5000英里后,他们25英尺(8米)长的渔船没气了,只能靠风力和潮汐漂泊。     

The young child's gender schema: environmental input, internal organization

The relation among children's ability to apply gender labels, their tendency to emit sex-typed behavior, and their parents' attitudes and reactions toward sex-typed behaviors was studied. The children were observed at home with their parents when the children were 18 months old, before any of them had passed the gender-labeling task, and at 27 months, when half had passed (early labelers) and half had not (late labelers). At 18 months, there were no differences in the children's sex-typed behavior, but parents of future early labelers gave more positive and negative responses to sex-typed toy play. By 27 months, early labelers showed more traditional sex-typed behavior than late labelers; parents of early and late labelers no longer differed in their responses. At age 4, when given an inventory of sex stereotyping, early labelers scored higher on Sex Role Discrimination; there were no differeces on Sex Role Preference scores.     

A historian looks at gender and science

Gender theorists such as Evelyn Fox Keller suggest that science, through its association with objectivity, is inherently masculine. According to this theory women who enter science do so at considerable cost to their psyches. Such a view rests on weak evidence and is historically untenable; it can only hinder, and not help, efforts to improve women's position in society.     

职业院校内部人事分配制度改革存在的问题与对策

本文肯定了职业院校内部人事、分配制度改革的积极作用,透过职业院校内部人事、分配制度改革的实践对暴露的问题进行了分析,提出了完善措施.     

强化企业内部会计控制制度

所谓内部会计控制．是指与保护财产物资的安全性、会计信息的真实性和完整性以及财务活动的台法性和有效性有关的控制。它是整个单位内部控制的重要组成部分。又寸加强会计监督、提高会计信息质量．提高管理效率．防范危机．防止腐败现象发生等具有重要作用。     

Which males or females are most at risk and on what? An analysis of gender differentials within the primary school system of Trinidad and Tobago

This paper reviews the work on gendered achievement in the English‐speaking Caribbean, with its often explicit focus on underachieving males. However, patterns of gendered achievement are more likely region‐specific and variegated in some contexts. In Trinidad and Tobago, the full‐scale implementation of national assessments in 2004 provided an opportunity to evaluate mathematics and language performance across the entire pupil population at standards 1 (7‐ to 8‐year‐olds) and 3 (9‐ to 10‐year‐olds). Census data from the high‐stakes 2003 Secondary Entrance Assessment (SEA) administered at standard 5 (ages: 10–11+) were also included in the analysis. Therefore the entire dataset consisted of 52,284 primary school students (26,574 males and 25,710 females). The findings confirmed that female pupils had a statistically significant advantage on all assessments. However, in terms of practical significance, most differentials were negligible to small. Medium‐sized differentials were obtained for pupils of low ability, living in rural educational districts, and on language arts. Male achievement scores were also more variable for lower grade levels, low ability groups and language arts. Paradoxically, in some educational districts secondary school placement opportunities still favoured males. These variegated patterns of gendered achievement may be associated with differences in institutional effectiveness and variations in male socialization practices that are especially evident across the urban–rural divide.     

Oral injuries in children less than 24 months of age in a pediatric emergency department

BackgroundOral injuries in young children may indicate physical abuse. The prevalence of oral injuries in young children presenting to the emergency department is unknown. These data would assist providers in making decisions about the need for further abuse evaluation.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of oral injuries, associated chief complaints and characteristics, and frequency of abuse evaluations in children younger than 24 months presenting to a pediatric emergency department (PED). Participants and Setting: Twelve pediatric emergency medicine physicians consecutively enrolled children younger than 24 months in a tertiary care PED.MethodsWe performed a prospective observational study. Enrolled patients underwent a complete oral examination. Providers recorded patient demographics, type of chief complaint, oral injury details, developmental ability, and the presence of an abuse evaluation.ResultsOral injuries occurred in 36/1303 (2.8%, 95% CI 1.9–3.8%) and were more common in patients with traumatic (26/200, 13%) versus medical chief complaints (10/1,103, 0.9%) (p < .001). Of patients with oral injuries (36), 78% were mobile and 72% had traumatic chief complaints. Nine (25%) children with oral injuries were evaluated for abuse. Oral injuries in children 0–11 months old were more likely to be evaluated for abuse than children 12–24 months old (70.0% vs. 7.7%, p < .001).ConclusionsThe prevalence of oral injuries in children <24 months old presenting to a PED was low. Most occurred in mobile children and in children with traumatic chief complaints. Younger, non-mobile children with oral injuries had a higher likelihood of having an abuse evaluation.     

Neonatal behavioral organization and visual processing at three months

In 2 studies, the Range of State cluster derived from infants' scores on the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale with Kansas Supplements (NBAS-K) was found to correlate significantly with visual discrimination performance at 3 months of age. Contrary to the expectation that NBAS-K orientation scores would predict visual discrimination at 3 months, it was neonatal behavioral state organization that related to later cognitive functioning in infancy.     

Stepping stones to others' minds: maternal talk relates to child mental state language and emotion understanding at 15, 24, and 33 months

This continuation of a previous study (Taumoepeau & Ruffman, 2006) examined the longitudinal relation between maternal mental state talk to 15- and 24-month-olds and their later mental state language and emotion understanding (N= 74). The previous study found that maternal talk about the child's desires to 15-month-old children uniquely predicted children's mental state language and emotion task performance at 24 months. In the present study, at 24 months of age, mothers' reference to others' thoughts and knowledge was the most consistent predictor of children's later mental state language at 33 months. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development provides a framework within which maternal talk, first, about the child's desires and then about others' thoughts and knowledge scaffolds children's social understanding.     

浅谈单位内部会计控制制度的建立

对建立内部会计控制制度的重要性和原则进行了探讨，提出了建立内部会计控制制度的重要环节，以期对单位内部会计控制制度的建立健全提供参考。     

An exploration of gender participation patterns in science competitions

This study investigated participation in a state-level science competition over most of its 35-year history. Issues examined included whether different gender patterns occurred with respect to entry rate, project topic (life science, physical science, earth science, and math), and project type (research or display). The study also examined to what extent the identified patterns reflected or contradicted nationwide patterns of girls' academic performance in science over roughly the same time period. It was found that although girls initially participated in the fair less frequently than boys, for the past 20 years their participation rate has been greater than that of boys. Examination of topic preferences over the years indicates that both girls and boys have traditionally favored life science; however, boys have been and continue to be more likely to prepare physical, earth, and math/computer science projects than girls. Another gender difference is that girls are generally less likely than boys to prepare projects based on experimental research as opposed to library research. The study provides some suggestions for teachers and teacher educators for addressing these disparities.     

《易传》的性别形而上学探略

本文主要论述《易传》在宇宙论的基础上建立起关于性别的形而上学，这种性别的形而上学主要体现在：一、阴阳是宇宙和人类两性关系与社会生活的基础。二、刚柔——阴阳的特性与男女两性的理想气质。三、合和——阴阳与男女两性的理想关系。《易传》的性别形而上学有其积极意义。     

Evidence that children and adolescents have internal models of peer interactions that are gender differentiated

This study examined whether children's internal representations reflect gender differences that have been found in peer interactions. The dimensions examined were (1) preferences for dyadic or group situations, (2) whether children who are friends with a given target child are likely to be friends with each other, and (3) perceptions of the probability of knowing information about friends. Participants from preschool; grades 2, 6, 8, and 10; and college (N = 278) were asked questions about typical girls and boys. Results indicate that both girls and boys (1) rate typical boys as preferring group interactions more than do typical girls, a difference present as early as preschool; (2) rate typical boys as more likely than typical girls to be friends with one another if they are friends with the same target boy or girl respectively; and (3) rate typical girls as more likely than typical boys to know certain types of information about friends. These results are consistent with the existence of internal models of social interactions that are at least partially gender specific.     

电算化会计系统下的内部控制

本文分析了当前国内企业电算化会计信息系统内部控制存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出了完善电算化会计内部控制体系的措施,以发挥会计电算化的高效、准确性,为企业的经营决策提供完整的信息,创造更高的效益。     

高校内部治安防范体系的建立

文章首先对高校内部治安防范体系建立的必要性和可行性进行论述，进而向读者介绍高校内部治安防范体系的概念、特点和意义，使读者对高校内部治安防范体系有了更深层次的理解和认识。在此基础上，笔者提出了高校内部治安防范体系的构成和建立。文章以理论研究入手，结合实际，深入浅出，阐述了建立高校内部治安防范体系的基本观点。 笔者提出，要适应当前高校内部治安防范出现的新情况、新问题，就要建立科学完善、切实可行的高校内部治安防范体系，这也是创建平安高校的客观要求。     

大学内部管理体制比较研究

大学内部管理体制核心是权力结构。以德国为典型的学术权力、以美国为代表的行政权力、以英国为典型的学术权力与行政权力基本均衡的权力结构模式，有其大学权力结构的共性特点。改善和提高我国大学权力结构及其效能，必须充分发挥学术权力在决策管理中的作用；健全大学管理权力的运行机制；依法办学是提高大学权力效能的法律保证；要明确树立以人为本的管理思想。