循环经济下我国钢铁企业技术效率与技术创新研究

传统评价我国钢铁企业技术效率时#没有考虑钢铁企业对能源、资源的消耗以及对环境的污染。本文 运用Undersirable-SBM模型,考虑循环经济下我国钢铁企业技术效率,将能耗、水耗及非期望产出纳入评价模型,对2006——2010年我国钢铁企业技术效率进行综合评价,重点考察技术创新及资源循环利用程度对钢铁企 业技术效率的影响。研究发现,非效率广泛存在于我国钢铁企业当中#企业之间的效率差距较大#在现有技术条 件下,还存在较大的节能减排潜力;教育投资率、三废综合利用产值率对技术效率显著正影响。研发投资率、环 保投资率、水循环利用率对技术效率影响不显著。     

技术效率视角下我国钢铁企业节能减排与企业规模研究

从技术效率视角,将能耗、水耗及非期望产出纳入评价模型,对我国重点大中型钢铁企业技术效率进行综合评价,并对不同所有制形式、不同规模的钢铁企业进行效率比较.结果表明:首先,我国钢铁企业之间效率差距较大,发展不平衡;其次,样本中的民营企业平均效率高于国企平均效率;再者,我国粗钢年产量在千万吨以上的大型钢铁企业平均效率最高,拥有显著的效率优势;最后,我国钢铁企业能源、资源及污染物排放存在较大冗余,节能减排潜力较大.     

基于Global-Malmquist-Luenberger指数的中国水资源全要素生产率增长评价

基于省际水足迹和灰色水足迹等的面板数据,本文利用带有“非期望”产出的数据包络分析方法,通过Global-Malmquist-Luenberger指数测度了1998年-2010年中国31个省、区、直辖市的水资源全要素生产率增长并分解为纯技术效率变化、技术进步和规模效率变化.研究发现:①不考虑非期望产出的水资源全要素生产率增长高于考虑非期望产出的水资源全要素生产率;②非期望产出情况下的水资源全要素生产率增长明显具有正的空间集聚现象,且非常显著;③中国31个省、区、直辖市水资源全要素生产率增长主要源于技术进步,纯技术效率和规模效率出现恶化,波动变化都很小.在此基础上对中国水资源利用效率健康发展提出了相应的政策建议.     

环境约束下我国各地区FDI综合利用效率研究

本文以构造的环境污染综合指数作为非期望产出,以地区生产总值作为期望产出,利用非径向非角度的SBM模型对环境约束下2008年我国各地区FDI的综合利用效率水平进行了研究。研究发现:我国大多数地区在环境约束下FDI的综合利用效率都低于无环境约束下的综合效率;我国东、中、西三大区域FDI的综合利用效率存在明显的区域差异;环境污染对三大区域FDI的综合利用效率的影响性质及程度不尽相同;劳动力、FDI和技术投入过多,环境污染指数过高是导致部分地区不能有效利用FDI的主要原因。     

碳约束下技术创新对能源效率影响的空间计量分析

基于处理非期望产出的SBM模型,测算了2005—2014年中国30个省份碳约束下的能源效率值及节能减排潜力,并与非碳约束下能源效率值进行对比分析。运用空间滞后模型SLM和空间误差模型SEM对能源效率的影响因素进行估计分析,深入研究技术创新对能源效率的影响机理。结果表明:引入非期望产出会明显降低中国区域能源效率的平均水平,而各省份能源效率存在显著的空间相关性;研究认为,空间计量模型对中国能源效率分布特征解释力较强,能源技术创新对能源效率的提升作用显著。     

环境规制影响区域能源效率的阀值效应

基于不可分离变量的非期望产出SBM模型来评价2004~2013年中国30个省份的能源无效率,并通过投入产出松弛的分解来探索区域能源无效率的来源;然后基于环境规制视角拓展上述模型,分析了三种环境规制思路影响整体能源无效率的灵敏度及阀值效应。结果表明:我国能源无效率最低的三大经济区域分别是东部沿海、南部沿海和北部沿海区域,八大经济区域的能源无效率主要来源各不相同。在"效率"视角下,按非期望产出松弛量比例分配目标方法具有更强的灵敏度,能最快地优化整体能源效率。八大经济区域应采用差异化的环境规制目标,SO2减排目标由高到低排序依次为南部沿海、东部沿海、北部沿海、东北、大西北、黄河中游、长江中游和大西南区域。     

中国省际绿色创新效率的评价研究——基于Super-SBM模型和ML指数

基于2009—2018年我国省际面板数据,运用Super-SBM模型同时测度了考虑非期望产出的绿色创新效率和不考虑非期望产出的传统创新效率,并运用Malmquist-Luenberger指数方法对绿色创新效率进行了动态分析.研究表明:我国绿色创新效率整体呈增长态势但水平偏低,呈无效率状态,进步空间较大;我国三大地区绿色创新效率呈现出由东向西递减的格局,且各省市绿色创新效率根据变动情况可以分为平稳型、增长型和波动型三类;考虑非期望产出的绿色创新效率比不考虑非期望产出的传统创新效率低,且中西部差异更显著;技术效率和技术进步共同导致我国绿色创新水平的提高,且技术进步的影响程度大于技术效率,其与ML指数变动的趋同性也更高;我国绿色创新的动态效率呈现中部>西部>东部的格局,且多数省市的ML指数均大于1,存在不同程度的进步.     

2006-2012年中国工业行业能源和环境综合效率及其影响因素

能源消费量大、能源效率低以及环境问题突出已经成为中国发展面临的严峻挑战。由于工业部门能源消耗占中国能源消耗总量的70%左右,因此,本文基于工业36个子行业2006-2012年的数据,采用结合自然处置性和管理处置性概念的DEA模型将固定资产、能源消费及劳动力作为自然处置性下的投入,研发（R&D）投资额作为管理处置性下的投入,评价各子行业能源和环境综合效率以及R&D投资对各子行业减少非期望产出的有效性,最后,采用Truncated回归模型分析中国工业能源和环境综合效率的影响因素。研究结果表明：除烟草制品业等4个行业外,其余32个行业的综合效率均有改善空间,煤炭开采和洗选业、化学原料和化学制品制造业以及非金属矿物制品业等的综合效率值均在0.800以下,其中非金属矿物制品业效率值最低仅为0.472;2012年,研发投资对煤炭开采和洗选业等16个行业减少非期望产出是有效的;能源结构、技术创新和市场竞争对综合效率具有显著影响,其中煤炭在能耗中占比的提高对综合效率有抑制作用,而研发投资比例的提高对其则有促进作用。     

基于SBM-Undesirable模型的城市土地利用效率评价——以长三角地区16城市为例

针对已有对城市土地利用的投入产出分析中忽视其使用过程中产生的环境外部负效应这一问题,本文构建了非期望产出模型SBM-undesirable,并选择长三角地区16城市作为研究对象,对其土地利用效率进行评价,并在此基础上对城市土地利用投入产出要素进行定量调整。研究结果表明:①在城市土地利用存在非期望产出的情况下,采用SBM-undesirable模型对其进行效率评价,能够避免传统DEA模型径向角度选择所带来的缺陷,提高效率评价的准确性,比传统模型更具有清晰的刻画功能。在研究期内,长三角地区土地利用效率水平偏低,平均效率呈"凹"字形波动趋势,环境污染等非期望产出的存在对城市土地利用效率的提高有一定的负面影响,而各市土地利用效率差异在研究期内也呈现不断扩大的趋势;②从效率分解变化看,土地利用的纯技术效率的变化是导致技术效率演变趋势的主要原因,而且土地利用效率普遍偏低且具有明显变动幅度,整体上利用的规模效率纯技术效率技术效率;③长三角地区城市土地利用效率空间分布除2006年外均呈现不均衡特征,沪宁杭等区域中心城市的土地利用效率长期保持较高水平,而苏中的南通、泰州及浙北的舟山、台州等市效率偏低,整体上呈现"大集中-小分散"的分异特征,效率空间分布格局非均衡化特征明显;④通过对研究时期内土地利用非DEA有效城市的分析,发现各市普遍存在要素投入冗余、效益产出不足和环境负外部效应产出过多等情况,优化要素配置能力、减少负外部效应产出和增加单位土地有效产出是改善利用效率的现实路径。     

基于优化权重RAM-DEA模型的工业行业效率评价

RAM-DEA模型具有非径向性、指标多样性等特点,但模型中一维权重参数未充分考虑决策单元与评价指标的相互影响,导致测得的效率可能存在偏差。在以往研究的基础上,考虑决策单元与多种投入、产出指标的差异,建立优化权重RAM-DEA模型,构建了以计算机数、网站数为信息化投入,能源、劳动力、资本为自然投入,工业增加值为期望产出,温室气体与总颗粒物排放量为非期望产出的评价指标体系,并对中国39个工业行业综合效率进行评价。通过比较模型改进前后测算的综合效率值,发现改进后模型测得的效率值能反映出工业行业间差异。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence