Teachers and the Very Able: case studies of four Scottish schools

High ability in children is a contentious issue in the Scottish educational system, which promotes equity through equality of opportunity in a non‐selective system. The aim of this research was to establish an understanding of the extent of available provision for very able children in a limited number of schools, and to chart teachers’ perceptions of high ability. Four Scottish schools were studied: one comprehensive high school and three primary schools, involving 17 teachers (primary principal and head teachers), one learning support teacher and three educational psychologists. Semi‐structured interviews, supported by open‐ended questionnaires, were the means of data collection. The data were submitted to a straightforward and qualitative content analysis. Results show tentatively that recognition of high ability is generally scarce in Scotland, that highly able pupils are often subjected to several decategorisations and that there is no consensus amongst teachers of how to understand high ability. A subgroup of able pupils was identified also, termed fast finishers’ by the participants.     

论秦骃玉牍研究四种及其相关问题

本文主要对近年来出土的一份重要的秦国文书--秦骃玉牍进行了探讨,并就四位学者在相关研究文章所提出的问题进行了进一步的检讨,包括玉牍文书的书写风格、玉牍文字释文与考释之举例、病主、文书的性质、华大山明神的准确含义以及诸文释文与考释之异同。通过分析,笔者认为玉牍甲、乙版的书写风格迥然不同,这与其书写方式关系不大（朱书、契刻）,而是说明甲、乙版出于不同书者之手;文中通过对诸文释文字数不同的考察,解释了玉版中合文及重文符号的不同用法及其与句读符号之区别;文章还通过对玉版“众人弗智,余亦弗智”语中“智”字的不同理解,强调文中所记病主为秦骃一人,而非“众人没有病愈,我也没有病愈”的众人与我;关于文书的性质,笔者认为是秦骃病愈之后”告大（？）□、大将军文”,而非祷病文或祭华大山明神之文;本文赞同李零、王辉先生的看法并进一步论证了华大山是特指太华山,认为华大山之名不仅体现了太华山与少华山之别,更以华大山之“大山”二字展现了它在秦人心中与东岳泰（太）山所具有同样重要的地位;文中通过中对四篇释文与考释的排比,列出了诸文释文与考释异同表,以备考鉴。     

The Development of Early Profiles of Temperament: Characterization,Continuity, and Etiology

This study used a data‐driven, person‐centered approach to examine the characterization, continuity, and etiology of child temperament from infancy to toddlerhood. Data from 561 families who participated in an ongoing prospective adoption study, the Early Growth and Development Study, were used to estimate latent profiles of temperament at 9, 18, and 27 months. Results indicated that four profiles of temperament best fit the data at all three points of assessment. The characterization of profiles was stable over time, while membership in profiles changed across age. Facets of adoptive parent and birth mother personality were predictive of children's profile membership at each age, providing preliminary evidence for specific environmental and genetic influences on patterns of temperament development from infancy to toddlerhood.     

Mother-Toddler Problem Solving: Antecedents in Attachment, Home Behavior, and Temperament

In a widely cited study, Matas, Arend, and Sroufe showed that mother-toddler interaction during problem solving at age 2 years was related to the child's prior attachment security. The current study asked (1) whether an independent laboratory could replicate this attachment finding, and (2) whether problem-solving interactions relate to mother-child interactions observed at home and to child temperament measured at 6, 13, and 24 months. Replicating Matas et al., secure dyads worked more competently, and mothers showed better quality of assistance and supportive presence. Mother-child home interaction also predicted problem solving: positive involvement at home predicted effective, unconflicted problem solving. Negative control at home did not predict problem-solving interaction. Unadaptable temperament was generally related to dependency in problem solving. Several patterns of correlations appeared to be mediated by sex of child, e.g., difficult temperament in boys predicted more effective, unconflicted problem solving, while for girls it predicted more conflict.     

Special education students in the labour market: four case studies

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the employment status of 10 young men 10 years after leaving classes for the socially maladjusted. On the basis of their work careers, they were placed in one of 4 labour market sectors using the criteria (1) employed/unemployed at the time of the interview, and (2) history of long‐term/short‐term employment. Half of the young men were unemployed, 4 were working and 1 in prison. The large percentage of unemployed respondents was due to the exceptionally difficult economic situation prevailing in Finland at the time the interviews were carried out, as a result of which the national unemployment rate approached almost 20 per cent. Despite a lack of vocational education, all the young men but one had a positive attitude towards work, and those unemployed were actively seeking a job. There was almost no relation between the young men's school career and their work career, since those who had the longest‐lasting jobs were those young men who had had the most difficulties in school. When measured in terms of length of employment, the attachment of these young men to working life differed greatly: one had been for the entire postschool period (almost 10 years) in the service of the same employer, while another had had several jobs of a few months’ duration interspersed with periods of unemployment.     

Temperament and the development of inhibited approach

The early development of inhibited approach was studied through the observation of infants' reaching toward objects. 48 infants were observed longitudinally at 6.5, 10, and 13.5 months as they reached for toys under high- and low-intensity/novelty conditions. It was predicted that if an approach system related to positive affect were in place by 6 months, infants should show relative interindividual stability across age in their latency to approach low-intensity/novelty toys. This latency would also be inversely related to temperamental positive affect, that is, children who smiled and laughed more would reach more quickly. It was also predicted that, if behavioral inhibition to high-intensity/novelty stimuli were developing over this period, relative instability of latency to grasp high-intensity/novelty toys would be found. This latency would also be positively related to temperamental ratings of fearfulness, that is, children who were more fearful, would grasp more slowly. These hypotheses were generally supported, with the exception of the relation between parent-reported fearfulness and latency to approach and grasp. In addition, sex differences in frequency of hesitations were found.     

学术自由理念：一流大学的精神气质

从学术自由理念的发展历程中考察德国、美国等一大批世界一流大学的形成与发展,可以得出高品住的办学理念、一流的大师云集、高素质的学生汇聚、卓越的科研成果和追求学术的超然与自由精神是一流大学的主要特征,其中以学术自由理念为一流大学的根本气质所在。目前我国高校中出现的一系列有违学术自由的现象发人深省。在理性主义与功利主义之间应该保持怎样的平衡、学术权力与行政权力二者之间是一种怎样的关系、学术自由与学术道德之间存在怎样的联系,这一系列问题的厘清将有助于中国大学实现创建世界一流大学这一目标。     

数据要素市场化:禀性特征、发展障碍与推进对策

数据要素作为新的生产要素已成为数字经济时代的石油,数据要素市场化为进一步挖掘数据资源、发挥数据作用指明了前进的方向.目前,我国的数据要素市场化仍处在初级阶段,非市场化现象较为严重.必须通过加强数据立法建制工作、有序开放政府数据资源、维护数据要素市场的运营秩序、培育并做大做强数据资源应用服务产业等措施,让数据资源真正成为我国参与新一轮国际竞争的重要战略资源.     

Perceptions of nurses and mothers in four studies of the peripartum period

How individuals perceive themselves and how they are perceived by others are an important part of the relationships between childbirth educators, nurses, other health-care providers, and the families they serve. In this paper, four studies are reviewed. One study focused on labor nurses' perception of their roles. Three other studies, each using a different research strategy, examined mothers' perceptions of their experiences during the peripartum period.     

Infant Temperament: Stability by Age,Gender, Birth Order,Term Status,and Socioeconomic Status

Two complementary studies focused on stability of infant temperament across the 1st year and considered infant age, gender, birth order, term status, and socioeconomic status (SES) as moderators. Study 1 consisted of 73 mothers of firstborn term girls and boys queried at 2, 5, and 13 months of age. Study 2 consisted of 335 mothers of infants of different gender, birth order, term status, and SES queried at 6 and 12 months. Consistent positive and negative affectivity factors emerged at all time points across both studies. Infant temperament proved stable and robust across gender, birth order, term status, and SES. Stability coefficients for temperament factors and scales were medium to large for shorter (< 9 months) interassessment intervals and small to medium for longer (> 10 months) intervals.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌四个亚种对温度和pH值的耐受性

以4个亚种的苏云金杆菌为材料,测定其对温度及pH值的耐受性.试验结果表明,经70℃水浴10min处理后,存活率为95%-100%,80℃水浴10 min处理后,存活率为45%-70%,90℃水浴10 min后,有27%-40%的存活率.说明这四株苏云金杆菌对高温有较强的耐受力.当将培养基的pH值调至3时,四株菌都无法生长.当培养基的pH值为4时有两菌无法生长,pH值为5时4个亚种都能生长,pH值为8、9时4个亚种都生长旺盛.说明其在酸性环境中生长性能较差,在弱酸性和微碱性环境中生长较好.     

东西方哲学生理学心理学中气质概念的流变与解读

中国古代哲学中的气质概念来源于程朱理学中的气质之性和天地之性的对立概念;西方心理学中的气质是指人的生理类型的外在表征;当代文化心理学试图通过重新定义气质概念,进而重新建构气质心理学理论。     

Temperament and attachment security in the strange situation: an empirical rapprochement

In response to Frodi and Thompson's recent demonstration that infants classified A1-B2 in the Strange Situation differ significantly in emotional expression from infants classified B3-C2, several longitudinal data sets were examined to determine whether these group differences might be a function of infant temperament. Data from 3 separate samples revealed significant concordance between infant-mother and infant-father Strange Situation classifications when scored in terms of A1-B2 versus B3-C2, but not when scored in terms of the traditional A-B-C system. In addition, in 2 samples on which newborn behavioral data were available, A1-B2 infants displayed more autonomic stability than B3-C2 infants, and in one of the samples the former infants were more alert and positively responsive as newborns (with means in the same direction in Sample 2). Moreover, mothers of A1-B2 infants described their babies as less difficult to care for at 3 months of age. Considered together, these findings suggest that infant temperament affects the manner in which security or insecurity is expressed rather than whether or not the infant develops a secure or insecure attachment. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the study of the interactional antecedents and the developmental consequences of attachment security.     

Temperament, emotion, and social interactive behavior in the strange situation: a component process analysis of attachment system functioning

This study examines the contributions of temperamentally and nontemperamentally based emotional reactions to the organization of social interactive behavior within the Strange Situation to better understand the emotional underpinnings of attachment system functioning. At 12 1/2 and 19 1/2 months, temperamental fear (assessed via maternal report) was related to independent per-episode dimensions of social interactive and distress behavior. Fear was moderately correlated with both distress and interactive dimensions at each age. Path-analytic models revealed that temperamental fear had direct effects on interactive behavior and also indirect effects mediated by preceding distress reactions. However, residualized measures of "context-specific" distress (with temperamental variance removed) were still highly consistent across Strange Situation episodes and also significantly predicted subsequent social interactive behavior; furthermore, stable distress reactions from 12 1/2 to 19 1/2 months significantly predicted concurrent stability in social interactive behavior. We discuss likely sources of "context-specific" emotional influences on Strange Situation behavior and also age-related differences in these findings.     

Socialization and Temperament in the Development of Guilt and Conscience

Toddlerhood antecedents of conscience were examined in 58 8-10-year-old children. The measures of conscience, such as general affective/moral orientation, the extent of reparation, and the intensity of guilt feelings, were assessed from children's narratives produced in response to semiprojective stories involving transgressions, distress, and conflict. Maternal endorsed socialization orientations and observed rearing behaviors that deemphasized the use of power were associated with the children's internalized conscience 6 years later. However, these findings were significant only for children who were relatively prone to fearful arousal. The capacity for self-regulation, indexed by early compliance and noncompliance to maternal socialization, predicted children's internalized conscience 6 years later. There was preliminary evidence that compliance obtained in a rearing context that deemphasized power assertion was most conducive to the development of conscience. The findings are discussed in view of the interplay of socialization and temperament in moral development.     

中国古代文学教学中的功力与性情

中国古代文学教学要兼顾功力与性情两个方面:功力保证教学过程中传授知识的准确性和广博性,性情则既避免了教学过程的枯燥乏味,又从情感培育的角度熏陶学生,有助于实现知识传授和人格培养的双重教育目的。本文举述了民国以来,中国古代文学教学的成功案例,如黄侃、胡小石、顾随、程千帆、管雄等学者的文学教育,这些学者都是功力和性情兼备的大师级名师,他们教学的风姿是现代教育史上一道亮丽的风景,也是亲炙者广为称颂的典范教师。这些学者的学术功力和教学性情,对于当下中国古代文学教学而言,是宝贵的精神遗产,值得继承与发扬。     

大学生气质类型与自尊关系探析

选取具有四种典型气质类型的64名大学生为被试,以《自尊量表（SES）》和GNAT测验为工具,探讨气质类型与外显和内隐自尊之间的关系。结果表明：1）气质类型影响外显自尊,其中多血质被试的外显自尊得分最高,胆汁质、粘液质被试次之,抑郁质被试得分最低;2）气质类型不影响内隐自尊。最后,在个性与自我发展的范畴内讨论了这一结果。     

Child maltreatment related injuries: incidence, hospital charges, and correlates of hospitalization

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine the incidence, hospital charges, and correlates associated with inpatient treatment of child maltreatment related injuries. METHODS: The data were based on the 1995 Pennsylvania Hospital Discharge Data which included all Pennsylvania acute care hospitals that reported child maltreatment discharges. Per capita hospital discharge rates were computed for children discharged with child maltreatment related injuries according to selected variables. Odds ratios for child maltreatment related injury hospitalizations were also computed. RESULTS: A total of 348 maltreated injured children ages 0-19 years were discharged from Pennsylvania hospitals in 1995, representing an incidence rate of 10.8 per 100,000 persons. The total hospital charges for child maltreatment related injury discharges amounted to over $5.4 million, of which Medicaid alone paid for 45%. Compared to a random sample of non-maltreated injured children (n = 1052), maltreated injured children were found to be significantly younger, more likely to be females, and more likely to be Black. Child maltreatment related injury hospitalizations were more likely to be urgent and via physician referral or transfer from other health care facility. Maltreated injured children were three times as likely to die as other children. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that injury from child maltreatment is a major cause of hospitalization of young children 5 years and younger and represents a significant cost to publicly financed health care. While hospital discharge data can be used for population-based surveillance of child maltreatment related trauma, there is need for improvement in the surveillance of these injuries.     

Preschoolers' Emotional Control in the Disappointment Paradigm and Its Relation to Temperament, Emotional Knowledge, and Family Expressiveness

The present research evaluated a conceptual model that links temperament, emotional knowledge, and family expressiveness to preschoolers' emotion regulation ability. The emotional understanding of 82 preschoolers was assessed with 2 separate tasks. After the second emotional knowledge task, the children were presented a "disappointing" prize, and their facial displays of positive and negative affect were recorded. The children and their mothers also participated in a game designed to elicit maternal expressive behavior. Mothers provided information about the preschoolers' temperament and about the frequency of positive and negative affect expressed within their families Results indicated that children's positive displays when presented the "disappointing" prize were inversely related to the temperamental dimension of emotional intensity and positively associated with children's understanding of emotion. Maternal reports of sadness within the family were inversely related to children's positive affective displays. Children's negative emotional displays in the disappointment situation were inversely related to observed maternal positive emotion. The findings from this study give greater specification to the unique and joint contributions of temperament, emotional knowledge, and family expressiveness in predicting preschoolers' expressive control of emotion.     

Infant Temperament and Genetics: An Objective Twin Study of Motor Activity Level

Child temperament theories generally presume genetic contributions to behavioral differences, but empirical support is based largely on parent ratings of twins. These subjective ratings may be biased by parental exaggeration of dizygotic differences or of monozygotic similarities. An objective assessment of the genetic hypothesis was undertaken with motor activity level, a core dimension of most temperament theories. The activity level of 60 infant twin pairs was measured both by parent ratings and by motion recorders over a 2-day period. Data from the motion recorders showed evidence of genetic influences (RMZ = .76, RDZ = .56), as did parent ratings (RMZ = .82, RDZ = .21). The motion recorder results confirm with instrumentation a critical assumption of temperament theories and identify the presence of genetic contributors to temperamentally relevant behavioral differences in infancy.