国学教育与幼儿社会性发展的研究

当今的国学教育从幸福生活与全面发展出发,着眼于中华民族文化传承和普及教育。幼儿阶段的成长为人一生的发展奠定基础,而国学教育和幼儿社会性发展之间有必然的联系。从幼儿的人际关系和道德品质两个方面来看,国学教育促进亲子关系、同伴关系和师幼关系的发展,有利于幼儿建立养成良好的行为规范、培养积极的道德情感。在实践过程中应树立正确的教育理念、选择合适的教育内容、采用灵活的教育方式,让国学教育在幼儿阶段发挥其应有的价值。     

择校:一种阶层分析视角的阐释

择校,在本质上都是受教育者选择教育质量的行为,但在西方和我国却有着截然不同的表现.在西方,择校通常是指家长运用其权利,为子女选择最合适的学校.[1]上世纪80年代以后,西方新自由主义思想主张在教育领域引入市场竞争机制,扩大受教育者的教育选择权,把学校视为特殊商品的提供者,让其在教育市场中竞争.因此,更确切地说,西方发达国家的择校,是指受教育者运用政策所赋予的权利选择学校的行为.而在我国,人们对于择校的涵义、性质、方式和对象等问题尚未达成共识.[2]本文讨论的择校,是指我国自上世纪90年代中以来出现的,利用家庭的社会资本和经济资本,违反就近入学政策而选择重点中小学就读的大规模的越轨行为.换言之,本文不是在个体行为意义上,而是在群体行为意义上探讨择校.     

The impact of merit-based financial aid on college enrollment: A field experiment

Merit-based financial aid awards have become increasingly prevalent in the pricing policies of higher education institutions. This study utilizes an experiment to estimate the efficacy of merit-aid awards in achieving the institutional objective of attracting the most academically desirable applicants. I find that merit aid has a statistically significant but inelastic effect on enrollment of extremely high ability students. Additionally, the setting of this paper allows for a test of whether students respond to the framing of price in making enrollment decisions (i.e. price illusion), holding net price constant. There is weak evidence in support of price illusion among this set of students.     

织物阻燃剂的发展现状与展望

介绍了织物阻燃剂的现状,并简述了共混型和共聚型两种类型织物阻燃剂的特点和发展情况,展望了织物阻燃剂的发展前景和方向．     

绘本阅读对幼儿发展的影响

绘本作为被世界公认的最适合幼儿阅读的图书,以其夸张的想象,充满童趣的笔触,新鲜的事物以及符合儿童的情感、审美、思维模式等方式促进着儿童的健康发展。绘本在儿童的发展中扮演着极其重要的角色。从幼儿的认知、情感、社会性的发展等方面展开来探究绘本对幼儿的影响,并从中总结出绘本的重要之处,以便于教师及家长能较好地通过绘本来对幼儿进行科学的教育,以促进儿童健康的成长。     

The influence of group size on children's competitive behavior

The present research was designed to test the hypothesis that children would compete more in tetrads than in dyads. Twenty-two pairs of male and 14 pairs of female target children (N = 72) played a competitive game in both tetrads and dyads. Consistent with the hypothesis, male target children competed more in tetrads than in dyads. This hypothesis was not supported for females, however. Analyses of the dynamics of tetrads and dyads further demonstrated that based on a global measure of smiling, the emotional atmosphere was less positive in tetrads than in dyads. The causes and consequences of interaction in different sized social groups are discussed.     

The classification of preschool children's sociometric status

Six sociometric measures were evaluated on a sample of 85 four-year-olds from three preschool and day care centers. Stability, intercorrelations, and accuracy of classifying rejected children were compared for measures of social preference, social impact, peer ratings, alternative status, and positive and negative nominations. Test-retest correlations were moderately high and quite similar for all measures except social impact. Children were classified as rejected or not rejected based on Z scores of −.50 on all measures except for negative nominations, which employed a Z of +.50. In comparison with the commonly used social preference measure, accurate classifications were obtained using negative nominations, peer ratings, and alternative status. Positive nominations were somewhat less accurate in identifying rejected children, and social impact was a poor index of social status. Results suggest that both nominations and peer ratings can be assessed reliably with preschool children and that the two sociometric techniques measure similar aspects of social status. The alternative status measure was demonstrated to be a reliable and accurate technique for identifying rejected children in the preschool years. Implications for social skills intervention are discussed.     

LD status and achievement: confounding variables in the study of children's social status, self-esteem, and behavioral functioning

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of achievement in explaining the poor social and behavioral functioning associated with LD status, and to evaluate potential gender differences in patterns of interpersonal functioning among youth with learning disabilities (LD) and nondisabled (NLD) youth. Thirty-two students with learning disabilities (21 boys, 11 girls) were matched with same-sex, same-race classmates whose reading achievement was low (LA) or average (AA), and these groups were compared on peer ratings of liking and disliking, perceptions of self-worth and social acceptance, and teacher ratings of conduct problems, anxiety-withdrawal, and attention problems. Students with learning disabilities were less accepted and less well-liked than children in the LA or AA groups and also perceived their self-worth and social acceptance to be lower than LA or AA students. Group by Sex interactions were apparent for several of the peer rating and behavioral variables, indicating that different patterns of social and behavioral functioning distinguished LD boys and LD girls from their NLD peers. The findings highlight the potential role of low achievement in peers' dislike of LD girls and suggest the importance of investigating well-defined subgroups of youth with LD in future research.     

儿童假想伙伴现象探究及其对儿童实际生活的影响

随着生活节奏的加快和独生子女数量的增多,假想伙伴现象在儿童生活中普遍存在。近些年来,许多学者在前人研究的基础上把儿童假想伙伴现象单独作为一个重要课题进行专门研究,使之成为一个新兴领域。本文从认知发展的角度和精神分析的角度探析了儿童假想伙伴现象可能出现的原因,同时阐述儿童假想伙伴现象对儿童的实际生活产生的影响,并提出家长和教师在面对儿童假想伙伴现象时所处理的策略。     

The influence of children's gender and age on children's use of digital media at home

This study is the first to systematically investigate the influence of child gender and age, on parents’ perceptions of UK children's digital media use at home. It provides an in‐depth exploration of how children's age and gender influence the balance between children's use of digital and non‐digital media at home. The data draw on 709 parents’ responses to an open‐ended question asked in the context of a national survey investigating the digital reading habits of children, conducted in 2015. Parents’ responses were analysed using content and thematic analysis, which yielded eight main categories, collapsed into three major themes: control, child's healthy development and diversity of experiences. Quantitative analyses evidenced that more parents of boys were concerned about the health implications of their children's digital media use and this was a concern especially for parents of the youngest (0–2‐year‐old) children. More parents of 6–8‐year olds cited the appeal of technology as the main reason for the perceived imbalance in their children's engagement with digital media. The study provides a more secure understanding of the factors that influence parental perceptions of their children's digital media use at home, which has implications for policy‐makers, digital designers and early years professionals.     

农村义务教育资源配置的优化

农村义务教育资源的配置是制约义务教育均衡发展的主要问题。从我国农村义务教育资源配置的现状可以看出,农村义务教育资源配置过程中存在着教师能力水平偏低、教育经费短缺、办学条件落后等问题,严重影响着农村义务教育的发展。因此,应采取合理的措施,优化农村义务教育资源的配置。     

社会意识形态对翻译的影响

本文论述了社会意识形态对翻译目的、翻译主题方面的影响,并指导译者在翻译过程中意识到这种影响从而尽可能把握并克服这些影响。     

The influence of personality characteristics on children's intrinsic reading motivation

Research suggests that children's motivation to read is influenced by their level of reading skill and reading self-concept. However, it is possible that characteristics unrelated to reading, such as underlying personality characteristics, may also influence children's motivation to read. The current study examined the extent to which children's intrinsic reading motivation was predicted by their reading skill, reading self-concept, and personality characteristics. Two hundred and ninety five children (aged 10–11) completed questionnaires measuring reading motivation, reading self-concept, personality characteristics, and also completed a reading assessment. It was found that personality explained significant variance in intrinsic reading motivation after accounting for reading skill and reading self-concept. Furthermore, personality factors accounted for similar amounts of variance in intrinsic reading motivation as reading self-concept and skill. The implications for improving children's motivation to read are discussed, in addition to the importance of tailoring educational and motivational strategies to individuals.     

The effect of parents' presence on children's social interactions in preschool

Preschool children's social behavior was observed in the presence and absence of their parents in parent-cooperative preschools. When their parents were working in the preschool, children engaged in less high-level peer play and more low-level peer play than in their parent's absence. They also initiated play with peers less often in their parent's presence than in their parent's absence. In addition, children expressed more negative emotion and spent much less time in proximity to adults when their parents were at school than when they were not. These findings are discussed in relation to attachment theory and their implications for practitioners.     

高校内部资源配置研究

当前高校的内部资源配置工作还存在着很多问题,而这些问题会成为教学改革的最大阻碍。因此,为了更好的提高教学成效,深化教学改革,采取必要的策略做好高校内部的资源优化配置势在必行。     

Perceptions of Inequality: primary school children's discourse on social class

This paper is concerned with the role of education in promoting social justice. It deals specifically with the development of children's understanding of social class, not because this particular form of inequality is considered more important than any other, but because of the inadequacies of extant research. It is argued that unless we know how children think about social class differentiation, we will not be able to engage effectively with their misconceptions. One hundred and sixty‐one children drawn from across the social class spectrum and aged between 6 and 11 were asked various questions and presented with a number of moral dilemmas pertaining to social class inequality. Age‐related trends in their responses are identified and the policy implications discussed.     

The activity context of preschool children's social interactions: A comparison of high and low social interactors

The purpose of this observational study of the activity context in which preschool children engaged in positive social interactions was to produce a data source that could be used to assist in the identification of socially withdrawn children, and to select efficient training contexts in which to develop the social behavior repertoire of withdrawn youngsters. Eleven high-rate and 10 low-rate social interactors, ranging in age from 36 to 72 months, were observed for 12 10-minute sessions across a 3-month period. Six activity contexts were coded by trained observers: Observer, Isolate, Parallel, Game, Cooperative, and Fantasy. The results indicated that: (a) Low-rate children engaged in significantly more Isolate and Observer activity than did high-rate children. (b) High-rate children engaged in significantly more Cooperative and Fantasy activity than did low-rate children. (c) There were no significant differences between groups for Game and Parallel activities. Results are discussed in terms of the concurrent validity between frequency of interaction measures and the activity context data, the developmental progression of social skills acquisition, and the selection of treatment contexts for withdrawn children.     

Measuring equity of education resource allocation: An output-based approach

This paper provides a methodological framework to measure and analyze educational resource allocation within and across systems and ascertain potential equity implications. The proposed approach employs an outputs-driven method to provide a snapshot of the equitable distribution of key educational resources available in relation to student populations that are most in need. Our approach standardizes educational resources into three broad dimensions including teacher quality, school physical environment, and school instructional environment while contrasting the allocation of these resources between low- and high-needs schools. We implement this approach using real world data from Brazil to demonstrate its adaptability to the context and available data while still maintaining a consistent framework across applications.     

A social learning explanation of moral development

This paper presents a social learning explanation of moral development. From a social learning perspective, children abstract an array of generative rules which guide moral judgments and behaviors. Unfortunately, this social learning position has been misunderstood. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to clarify these misunderstandings and to discuss the educational implications of a social learning approach to moral development.