王沂孙咏物词之沉郁说探析

王沂孙咏物词为历代词评家所关注,陈廷焯在其《白雨斋词话》中更是对其给予了极高的评价。本文试运用陈廷焯＂沉郁＂说,探析王沂孙咏物词的思想内容及其艺术表现。     

陈廷焯词学思想前后期不同的共同基础

陈廷焯词学思想前后不同,前期继承浙西词派,后期转承常州词派,促成转变的关键人物是庄棫。而浙西词派与常州词派之间实在有着前后一致的地方,他们在联系社会现实、提倡雅正、推尊词体与主张兴寄四个方面是一致的,这是古代儒家思想的基本方面。陈廷焯作为一个有着强烈使命意识的士大夫,认同并实行这些主张,这就是他能够毫无阻滞地由浙转常的内在原因。     

《白雨斋词话》注重“才、力、气”的倾向

《白雨斋词话》在以“沉郁”为核心的词论体系中，还存在着一种注重“才、力、气”因素的倾向。这种因素的加入，不仅在一定程度上帮助陈廷焯的“沉郁”词说克服了艺术审美趣味偏于狭隘的弊端，而且也为这一词论体系带来了深化和发展。     

从选本批评看陈廷焯的词选思想

晚清词论家陈廷焯对词评论的重点在《词综》、《词选》两部词选上,陈氏肯定《词综》有辑存文献之功,但未尽汰芜词;赞誉《词选》能得词之本原,但仍有去取未当者。另外陈氏对其他历代声名卓著之选本皆有品评。虽然存在对词选类型辨析不精等问题,但其论述大抵精当,颇有示人学词门径之功效。     

“词别是一家”的内涵及其现代诠释

“词别是一家”的词体观念是对词这一艺术形式本体特征的理论概括，它强调词体作为一个独立、有机的整体以与诗、相区别，包含了对这一艺术形式各个层面和构成要素的分析和要求。在李清照《词论》中，这一观念为：声诗并：阐述词体的本体特征；评论作家：强调词体的艺术规范；主情致：揭示词体的形成功能。     

从《云韶集》和《词则》看陈廷焯词学思想的演进

《云韶集》和《词则》分别是陈廷焯前后期编撰的词选,代表了不同的思想,在编撰上各具特色。其实,二者并非截然分开,《云韶集》不完全(?)于浙派,为后期的转变打下了基础,而《词则》也对常州词派也进行了改造。从中可以看出陈廷焯词学思想演变的轨迹。     

词论中的境界说

诗论中的境界说在唐代形成, 词境理论的正式确立与形成, 是在晚清常州派陈廷焯, 况周颐的词学理论中。词的境界的确呈现了与诗的境界不同的审美趋向, 而王国维从审美本质入思, 对境界重新构建阐释, 他的境界说将词学批评推上了艺术美学的新层面, 使之成为具有现代美学意义的理论体系。     

论北宋文人词的雅化

“雅”是中国传统艺术精神的一个重要层面。宋词的雅化,拓宽了词的境界,提高了词的品位,使词体同诗体一样充实着雅的内质。通过对北宋词内容和艺术上的雅化及其原因的探讨,力求全面深刻地把握宋词的特征和艺术演变的轨迹,从而更好地领会宋词的艺术精神。     

北宋词的悲剧美学特质

以现代悲剧美学理论观照北宋词可知，北宋词抒写了悲剧意识，折射出悲剧精神，是词人的悲剧意识与悲剧精神的载体。其悲剧意识主要有三种范型，即词人的生命悲剧意识、词体的生存悲剧意识、词学主体的情感悲剧意识；其悲剧精神主要有两重内涵，即鲜明的抗争精神、与现实社会相矛盾的价值观。     

从一味褒扬到多元评价——论后世词坛对高观国词的品评

高观国历来被视为姜夔、史达祖、吴文英等"清空骚雅"词人一派。从高氏离世前后的南宋后期开始,历元明清迄于今,对竹屋词的品评从未断歇。宋末词坛高词一味褒扬和偏爱,并得到元明词坛的积极回应,肯定其创作中"雕词琢句"的雅致和"自出新意"的价值。清代词坛对高词的评价呈现出多元的面貌,浙派推崇备至,常派贬抑极低,"由浙入常"的陈廷焯对高词的评价前后不称。近代以来,学界以审慎的态度和冷静的目光看待竹屋词,认为其虽缺乏反映社会生活的广度和深度,但词体醇正典雅,词风婉丽疏快,词境清冷幽美,给予高观国应有的词史地位。从一味褒扬到多元评价,竹屋词以其独特的艺术魅力经历代词人品评而价值更高,值得关注。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.