Developments in cognitive socialization: implications for deaf education

Over the past 2 to 3 decades, the cognitive socialization literature has advanced about 40 major issues that could have a major impact on the principles and procedures of deaf education. The article presents a conceptual model of the cognitive social bases of language that is derived from the philosophical view of constructionism and theoretical perspectives of speech act theory and relevance theory. With the cognitive socialization perspective and this conceptual model, 4 of the 40 issues are discussed: (a) the centrality of intent replacing reinforcement as a more viable account of language acquisition, (b) modality and core issues of language, (c) lack of construct validity in assessment, and (d) heterogeneity. Implications for the advancement of deaf education are discussed throughout.     

The Changing Role of Teachers of Students Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: Consultation as an Increasing Part of the Job

ABSTRACT

The majority of deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students are educated at least part of the day in general education classrooms taught by teachers who may not have any experience working with this population. DHH students make up a unique, heterogeneous group with a wide range of communication modalities, technology utilization, early intervention experiences, and educational placements. In addition to providing direct service to support these students, teachers of students who are deaf or hard of hearing (ToDHH) collaborate and consult with classroom teachers and school staff on classroom accommodations and modifications. However, recent research shows that ToDHH often feel unprepared to engage in the consultative aspect of their role. Since the Education for All Handicapped Children Act was passed 43 years ago, the field of deaf education has increasingly called for research on consultation models to apply to their unique population and to teach in their teacher preparation programs. This article identifies the characteristics of DHH learners and synthesizes current research on consultation in the field of deaf education. Three consultation models are examined to determine their level of fit within the field of deaf education. The author ends with a call for future research that can best be met through an interdisciplinary research approach between the field of deaf education and the fields of educational and psychological consultation.     

从“口手”之争到“多元化”——试谈我国聋教育理念的发展演变及启示

聋教育在我国的发展已有一百多年。纵观一百多年来我国聋教育发展史,实质上是聋校语言教学法的发展史。从＂口手＂之争到＂多元化＂聋校语言教学法的提出,可以清晰把握我国聋教育理念从效仿移植西方到自我创新的发展演变,对深化我国当前聋教育改革,引领我国聋教育发展,具有一定的认识和实践意义。     

Using research to improve literacy practice and practice to improve literacy research

The disconnection between research and practice is not a new phenomenon, but as researchers and educators look toward the future of deaf education, it seems crucial to look back at the reasons behind this disconnection with the goal of creating a professional milieu in which we use research to improve literacy practice and practice to improve literacy research with deaf students. This article examines the issues underlying the relatively insignificant impact of research on literacy practice from the perspectives of the fields of literacy, special education, and deaf education.     

Deaf education and bridging social capital: a theoretical approach

The authors use elements of social capital theory to explore the rapidly changing landscape of deaf education in America. They suggest that the formation of relationships, and networks of relationships, between deaf students and adults has a value that often goes undetected or underappreciated in deaf education. The authors point out that social capital theory, as applied to deaf education, generates a number of potentially productive areas for improving outcomes among deaf students, and for future research in the field. The article includes discussion of a number of positive steps to promote bridging social capital among deaf students.     

关于聋生书面语技能的培养及训练

聋生汉语书面语学习是一个重要的讨论话题 ,本文从聋生生理、心理及教育研究的特点出发 ,对聋生汉语尤其书面语学习的现状进行了分析 ,并从思维发展角度、书面语氛围的营造及语文教学活动等方面对聋生书面语的阅读及表达 ,提出了一系列培养、训练的方法。     

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory-based assessment with deaf and hard of hearing children in the school setting

The general purpose of the present article is to emphasize contemporary research-based and theory-based assessment, specifically Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory-based assessment (Carroll, 1993, 1997; Horn & Noll, 1997), in work with deaf and hard of hearing students in the school setting. The article focuses on the history of cognitive ability theory and test development and interpretation, as well as contemporary perspectives, including recent applications of CHC-based assessment useful with deaf and hard of hearing students in school-based evaluations. Implications for future research and educational practice are discussed.     

Considerations in educating deaf and hard-of-hearing students in inclusive settings

This article provides an overview of key issues pertinent to an inclusive approach to the education of deaf students in order to establish a context for interpreting and integrating the articles in this issue. It discusses definitions of inclusion, integration, and mainstreaming from placement-related, philosophical, and pragmatic perspectives. The article provides demographic information pertinent to an inclusive approach. It also compares perspectives on inclusion in the general field of special education with those in the education of deaf and hard-of-hearing students. It considers the challenges of using an inclusive approach to achieve academic and social integration of students, as based on research on the learning and adjustment of deaf and hard-of-hearing students in regular classes. The article concludes with an overview of the topics addressed in the issue.     

Bilingual-bicultural models of literacy education for deaf students: considering the claims

As Carolyn Ewoldt (1996) points out '[M]uch has been written of late about the viability of a bilingual focus in deaf education.' While these writings are necessary to the ongoing pedagogical dialogue in the field, much of the rhetoric suffers because, rather than truly adopting a 'holistic perspective', arguments and positions focus only on selected aspects of the relevant theoretical and research information. If proponents of bilingual education for deaf children truly rely on 'research on the benefits of native sign language and from theoretical and research support coming from other disciplines' (Ewoldt, 1996, p. 5) to support their claims, then these research and theoretical supports must be examined as comprehensively, and holistically, as possible. Weaving together only a few threads of theory and research does not create the fabric for a pedagogical position that can withstand close scrutiny and analysis.In this article, we will touch on some of the major claims made in explications of bilingual models of literacy education for deaf students (Baker, 1997; Livingston, 1997; Mashie, 1995; Mason & Ewoldt, 1996). Our goal is to broaden the scope of the discussion on some of the major arguments and to encourage an expanded dialogue in this ongoing debate. It is not our aim to argue against the concept of bilingual education for deaf students nor to advocate the exclusion of native sign languages from the classroom. Rather, we support the concept of a bilingual education for deaf students with native sign languages playing a key role; however, we contend that the model as it is currently conceived requires further scrutiny and analysis.     

The Curious Case of the Deaf and Contested Landscapes of Bilingual Education

In this article, the authors examine deaf education as a “curious case” to prompt thinking about issues of language inequities. The authors argue that tying the fortunes of deaf students to those of other language minority students provides opportunities for new insights into policies and practices of deaf education as well the education of other language minorities in American schools. The authors provide a case example of successful deaf bilingual education that challenges the equation of deaf communicative difference with academic failure. They conclude with a discussion of American bilingual education history and how a consideration of the “curious case” of deaf education opens up possibilities for expanding understandings of more general issues of language difference in education.     

手语在听觉障碍儿童认知发展中的作用

和健听儿童相比 ,听觉障碍儿童的认知发展水平要低 ,主要表现为抽象逻辑思维水平低。造成这一结果的主要原因通常被认为是语言的发展不良。我国聋教育主要是以口语教学为主。但是 ,单纯的发展口语是不是最适合听力障碍儿童的认知发展 ?听力障碍儿童使用手语对他们认知发展有何影响 ?本文试从理论剖析和现实中的事例来说明 :对那些不能通过听觉通道来获得口语的听力障碍儿童来说 ,手语的使用在他们的认知发展中有积极的作用     

双语双文化理念在重庆聋人高等教育中的运用

双语双文化聋教育理念彻底颠覆了传统的聋教育观,以往的研究视角多集中于基础教育尤其是学前教育阶段,我们认为,聋人高等教育是基础教育的延伸,在高等教育阶段贯彻此理念亦具有重要意义和独特价值。2009年,重庆师范大学特教系设立由21名聋生组成的＂双语双文化实验班＂,从教学到管理上采取了一系列以双语双文化为核心的举措,次年又正...     

Higher education for deaf students: research priorities in the new millennium

A review of research on deaf students in higher education reveals a significant body of knowledge about the barriers these students face in gaining access to information in the classroom. Much less is known about the potential solutions to these problems. In addition, there is a dearth of research on the effectiveness of such support services as interpreting, note taking, real-time captioning, and tutoring, particularly with regard to their impact on academic achievement. This article summarizes relevant research and suggests directions for educational researchers interested in enhancing academic success and the retention of deaf students in higher education programs.     

Considerations for designing practice for deaf readers

Low reading comprehension persists among deaf readers, and recent research indicates that low automaticity in recognizing words and parsing sentence patterns is a significant source of the difficulty. When a learner does manage to gain an insight about some aspect of printed English, there may be limited impact on comprehension until the new knowledge can be applied fluently because the multiple cognitive demands of reading call for completing basic linguistic operations with a minimum of conscious effort. The research literature agrees that the route to improved automaticity is effective practice, and, thus, practice is also a likely route to increased comprehension. This article presents considerations to guide the design of practice for deaf readers. Certain of these notions are relatively applied in nature and may shape practice activities directly, for example, the discussion of research-based guidelines for tailoring the sequence and composition of practice items. Other parts of the discussion, such as those related to word recognition, are more theoretical than directive, and they imply research hypotheses that can and should be tested empirically. A principal point of this article is that without appreciable improvements in practice, the reading of many deaf students will remain largely unimproved.     

中国聋人高等教育:现状、需求和建议

本研究通过对聋人和从事及关注聋人高等教育人士的调查采访,分析和揭示了中国聋人高等教育成就、需求和挑战,为改进中国聋人教育提出了建议。调查显示,中国聋人高中教育忽视基础知识的学习,应试现象比较严重;聋人大学专业的设立十分有限;聋人大学教育设置形式单一,为在普通大学就读的个别聋人提供相应的帮助有限。重视提高聋人教育质量,增加专业使其多样化,创造让聋生随班就读的课程或专业的条件,改善聋生大学入学前的教育现状和改变社会对聋人的看法等是目前中国政府极需重视的方面。     

美国聋人高等教育给我们的启发

本文介绍和分析了当今国际最着名的美国两所聋人大学办学模式、教育模式,以及两所大学共同具有的特色,并总结了中国聋人高等教育的现状和面临的问题,为中国有关专家探求发展适合中国国情的聋人大学教育模式提供启示。     

Deaf education in China: history, current issues, and emerging deaf voices

An overview is provided of (a) deaf education in China, (b) views of deaf Chinese, and (c) recent empowering international collaborations. China's national policy focuses on oral/aural education and hearing rehabilitation. However, everyday practice in schools for deaf children includes various forms of Chinese Sign Language. Early childhood education focuses on speech and hearing. Elementary and secondary school curricula reflect low expectations for deaf students and lack the same academic content provided to hearing students. There are limited higher education opportunities. There are no support services such as note takers or interpreters for mainstreamed students. There are no deaf teacher preparation or interpreter training programs. Jobs are few; the vast majority of deaf adults are unemployed. Deaf people interviewed for the article describe their needs, their dreams, and the changes they are witnessing, which result in part from recent empowering international collaborations.     

聋人沟通模式与聋校语文教学法评说

沟通问题是聋教育的核心问题,聋教育史上长期争论不休的问题是关于何种沟通模式对聋人发展最有效。不同沟通模式对一线聋教育工作者而言较多的只是运用,而较少关注不同沟通模式的理论依据,也较少接受过有关聋人沟通模式理论的系统培训。通过将历史上出现过的四种聋人沟通模式逐一介绍,并把学者对这些模式的评价进行阐释,最后,对未来聋人沟通模式做了展望,以期从新的视角重新审视过往的评说。     

个别化教学在聋人高等教育中的应用探索

在教育学领域,越来越多的学者们意识到,培养学生独立的社会活动能力,发展学生独特的个性在当代的教育价值取向上占有越来越重的分量,尤其是对于残疾人这样一个特殊的群体,更容易因为自身身体上的缺陷而埋没了自己独特的潜力。如何通过有效的教育方式,为残疾人挖掘出更大、更多元化的发展可能,是值得关注的一个问题。文章将个别化教学与聋人高等教育相结合,提出了在聋人高等教育的背景下个别化教学的内涵,并分析了个别化教学在聋人高等教育中被实际应用的必要性,以及在对聋人进行个别化教学中应该注意的关键因素及恰当有效的应用模式。     

聋教育方法演变与米兰会议

聋教育史实质上是聋校教学语言的发展史。聋教育创始之时至今已经历了几次语言方法的演变,从最初的手语、口语到综合交际法,以及双语双文化法,贯穿始终的还是手语和口语之间的争辩。在这个争辩的历史进程中,米兰会议起到了举足轻重的作用,它所提出的纯口语法的决议一度影响了聋教育的发展方向,影响了人们对聋教育方法的选择。然而国内至今没有米兰会议较为全面、客观的阐述,本文从会议缘起、决议、影响等方面回顾这一历史事实,使读者更好地了解聋教育史上这一重要的历史事件,为现行聋教育方法的选择提供历史的视角。