青少年暴力与暴力文化相关性研究

当前社会,青少年的暴力行为已经成为全社会共同关注的话题。从美国的校园枪击事件,到中国的硫酸毁容、青少年行凶悲剧,无一例外的揭示着青少年暴力的危害。与此同时,社会中传播的暴力文化比比皆是,无论是电影、电视,还是网络信息和游戏,处处都充斥着暴力的身影。于是人们开始思考,到底青少年的暴力行为与社会的暴力文化有着怎样的联系？针对这一问题我们进行了“青少年暴力与暴力文化相关性研究”的课题研究（课题编号HBSJ20100007）,希望以此来找到青少年暴力更深层次的文化根源,从而对青少年暴力进行行之有效的防控。     

国外青少年暴力脱敏的研究评析

随着研究者对青少年暴力研究的关注,暴力脱敏逐渐成为青少年暴力研究领域的重要内容之一。暴力脱敏主要包括暴力生理、认知、情绪和行为的脱敏,青少年暴力脱敏的主要影响因素有暴力媒介、移情和暴力态度。积极学习领域的脚本理论对暴力脱敏的心理机制进行了有效的解释。未来研究需要进一步深入研究青少年暴力媒介、移情、暴力态度和暴力脱敏之间的关系,进一步探究引起青少年暴力脱敏的心理机制、干预策略以及本土化研究等问题。     

青少年暴力及其预防

青少年暴力是当今社会最常见的一种暴力,不但严重影响了青少年自己的身心健康和未来发展,同时也极大威胁着国家和社会的安定与可持续发展。在对暴力的定义、类型及其影响介绍的基础上,详细阐述了青少年暴力的表现、差异特点和影响因素,并进一步结合社会生态学模式和我国当前的社会与青少年实际,从六个方面提出了预防和控制青少年暴力的具体措施。     

青少年暴力成因及干预对策——一个花季少年为何走上犯罪的深渊

青少年时期是生理心理发育的关键时期,也是心理冲突和情绪、行为问题的高发阶段,攻击行为及暴力便是其中较为突出的问题之一。文章以一位正在服刑的青少年暴力犯的成长故事为线索分别从青少年个体、家庭、学校等视角探讨了影响青少年暴力攻击行为发生的因素,并在此基础上得出影响暴力的最本质的因素是青少年缺乏足够的社会能力和正确的自我认知观念。为此,本研究建议对青少年暴力行为进行生活技能的培训和认知行为的训练,以预防和减少青少年暴力行为的发生。     

暴力视频游戏对青少年的负面影响及其应对措施

长期接触暴力视频游戏会对青少年产生诸多负面影响,如引起青少年不良的生理反应,诱发青少年的攻击行为,使青少年对暴力产生脱敏效应和使青少年的同情度降低等。因此,政府主管部门、网络游戏公司、学校和家长应该联手采取相应措施来加以应对,从而为青少年的健康成长创造出一个绿色的网络环境。     

媒体暴力对青少年暴力犯罪的影响及其防治策略

青少年暴力犯罪是一个严肃的社会问题,随着科技的进步以及经济飞速发展,大众媒体在青少年成长环境中扮演着重要角色。大众媒介中的暴力信息不可避免地介入青少年的社会化过程,直接影响青少年的攻击行为,进而引发青少年暴力犯罪。文章通过媒体暴力对青少年暴力犯罪的影响进行分析研究,探讨其防治策略。     

媒体与青少年暴力

青少年是各种媒体的重要消费,不少国家和地区的研究都发现,除了上学和睡觉,青少年花在媒体上的时间比其他任何活动都多。然而,现代媒体充满了暴力,大量的实证研究已用科学数据确凿地证明,媒体暴力极大影响了青少年的暴力行为、暴力思想和情感。在此基础上,进一步分析了媒体暴力影响青少年的机制与中介因素,并从媒体使用和监管等角度阐述了减少和预防媒体暴力对青少年影响的应对措施。     

青少年暴力观念对暴力行为的影响——案例分析报告

本文通过对三例不同家庭背景，不同社会环境下发生的典型青少年暴力事件进行分析，探求当今青少年暴力观念对其暴力行为的影响。三例事件具有如下共同特点：第一，青少年对暴力的肯定态度是导致其暴力行为的主要因素之一。而暴力观念不仅受其成长环境的影响，也受青春期本身人格上不稳定因素的影响；第二，社会暴力文化的蔓延直接影响青少年暴力观的形成，是青少年暴力行为不可忽视的社会心理背景；第三，新形势下青少年暴力行为的特点为个体暴力行为增多、暴力程度更残酷。青少年的暴力行为不仅断送自身，更危及社会安定，应该引起包括家庭、学校、社会等多方面的重视。     

制止青少年网络暴力：学校管理的新挑战

青少年不仅是网络暴力的受害者,也是网络暴力的制造者.青少年网络暴力形式多样,并呈现多发趋势.如何更好地应对青少年网络暴力问题,给教育工作者和学校提出了更严峻的挑战.     

对校园女生群体暴力视频盛传的思考

校园女生暴力视频频频惊现网络,引发了社会对网络、教育和安全等一系列问题的思考。由于视频技术的广泛应用,校园女生暴力视频除具有群聚性、虐待性和持久性外,更增加了戏谑性、传播的极速性和焦点性。不仅加剧了社会对教育问题的焦虑,而且颠覆了青少年的价值观。国家应建立健全相关法规制度,并采取多种措施,从源头上遏制暴力视频的传播,净化网络环境。     

Internalizing and externalizing symptoms among Palestinian adolescents from Israel as consequences of their exposure to community violence: Are they moderated by their self-efficacy and collective efficacy?

This article presents the findings of a study that examined the rates and the consequences of exposure to community violence (ECV) as reflected in witnessing and experiencing such violence, among Palestinian adolescents from Israel. In particular, it examined the extent to which these adolescents exhibit high levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms as consequences of such exposure, and the extent to which self-efficacy and collective efficacy moderate these consequences. A systematic random sample of 760 Palestinian adolescents in Israel (320 boys, and 440 girls) filled out a self-administered questionnaire. The results show that most of the adolescents had witnessed community violence during the last year and during lifetime, and more than one third had directly experienced such violence during their lifetime compared with 19.6% during the last year. Boys were exposed to community violence more often than girls. Moreover, participants' ECV predicted high levels of externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that collective efficacy moderated the correlation between experiencing community violence and internalizing symptoms, whereas self-efficacy moderated the correlation between witnessing community violence and externalizing symptoms. There is a need for providing support for youth from close adults as well as from formal and informal resources in the community before and after their ECV.     

Serious physical violence among Arab-Palestinian adolescents: The role of exposure to neighborhood violence,perceived ethnic discrimination,normative beliefs,and, parental communication

This study adopted a social-ecological perspective to exploring perpetration of serious physical violence against others among Arab-Palestinian adolescents. A total of 3178 adolescents (aged 13–18) completed anonymous, structured, self-report questionnaire, which included selected items from several instruments that measured variables relating to the constructs examined in the study. We explored the association of individual characteristics (age, gender, normative beliefs about violence, and perceived ethnic discrimination), familial characteristics (parent-adolescent communication and socioeconomic status), and contextual characteristics (exposure to community violence in the neighborhood) with perpetration of serious physical violence against others. A moderation-mediation model was tested, and 28.4% of the adolescents reported that they had perpetrated serious physical violence against others at least once during the month preceding the study. The findings also show that exposure of youth to violence in their neighborhood correlated significantly and positively with their perpetration of serious physical violence against others. A similar trend was revealed with respect to personal perceptions of ethnic discrimination. These correlations were mediated by the adolescents’ normative beliefs about violence. Furthermore, the correlation of direct exposure to violence in the neighborhood and normative beliefs about violence with perpetration of serious physical violence against others was stronger among adolescents who have poor communication with their parents than among those who have strong parental communication.     

Maladaptive schemas as mediators of the relationship between previous victimizations in the family and dating violence victimization in adolescents

This study examined whether exposure to family violence, both in the form of direct victimization and witnessing violence, predicted dating violence victimization in adolescents through maladaptive schemas. A sample of 933 adolescents (445 boys and 488 girls), aged between 13 and 18 (M = 15.10), participated in a three-year longitudinal study. They completed measures of exposure to family violence, maladaptive schemas of disconnection/rejection, and dating violence victimization. The findings indicate that witnessing family violence predicts the increase of dating violence victimization over time, through the mediation of maladaptive schemas in girls, but not in boys. Direct victimization in the family predicts dating violence victimization directly, without the mediation of schemas. In addition, maladaptive schemas contribute to the perpetuation of dating violence victimization over time. These findings provide new opportunities for preventive interventions, as maladaptive schemas can be modified.     

The effects of exposure to violence and victimization across life domains on adolescent substance use

This study uses longitudinal data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) to examine the effects of exposure to school violence, community violence, child abuse, and parental intimate partner violence (IPV) on youths’ subsequent alcohol and marijuana use. We also examine the cumulative effects of being exposed to violence across these domains. Longitudinal data were obtained from 1,655 adolescents and their primary caregivers participating in the PHDCN. The effects of adolescents’ exposure to various forms of violence across different life domains were examined relative to adolescents’ frequency of alcohol and marijuana use three years later. Multivariate statistical models were employed to control for a range of child, parent, and family risk factors. Exposure to violence in a one-year period increased the frequency of substance use three years later, though the specific relationships between victimization and use varied for alcohol and marijuana use. Community violence and child abuse, but not school violence or exposure to IPV, were predictive of future marijuana use. None of the independent measures of exposure to violence significantly predicted future alcohol use. Finally, the accumulation of exposure to violence across life domains was detrimental to both future alcohol and marijuana use. The findings support prior research indicating that exposure to multiple forms of violence, across multiple domains of life, negatively impacts adolescent outcomes, including substance use. The findings also suggest that the context in which exposure to violence occurs should be considered in future research, since the more domains in which youth are exposed to violence, the fewer “safe havens” they have available. Finally, a better understanding of the types of violence youth encounter and the contexts in which these experiences occur can help inform intervention efforts aimed at reducing victimization and its negative consequences.     

A sex-disaggregated analysis of how emotional violence relates to suicide ideation in low- and middle-income countries

BackgroundIn recent years, research has increasingly focused on examining the relationship between one type of child maltreatment -- emotional violence -- and suicidal behaviors. However, the growing body of empirical evidence supporting these associations has been mostly limited to high-income contexts.ObjectiveThis study examines how exposure to emotional violence is associated with suicide ideation in childhood and adolescence in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and whether this association differs by sex.Participants and settingWe employ nationally representative samples of 13–24 year-old males and females from the Violence Against Children Surveys in Tanzania (conducted in 2009), Kenya (2010), and Haiti (2012).MethodsWe use logistic regressions to estimate the odds of ever reporting suicide ideation, separately, for each country; models control for self-reported exposure to emotional violence, physical violence from a caregiver, physical violence by an adult in the community, sexual violence, intimate partner violence, and age. Formal moderation by sex for each form of child maltreatment is tested using interaction terms.ResultsWe find the odds of suicide ideation are consistently and significantly greater for adolescents who report ever exposure to emotional violence. This same consistency is not observed for any other form of maltreatment across countries. The size of the relationship between emotional violence and suicide ideation is statistically significantly larger for males in Kenya only.ConclusionResearch in LMICs should explore the mediating factors linking emotional abuse in childhood and adolescence to suicide ideation in adolescence, paying special attention to whether these pathways might operate differently by sex.     

Gender differences in the effects of exposure to intimate partner violence on adolescent violence and drug use

Objective

This study investigated the long-term effects of exposure to intimate partner violence in the home on adolescent violence and drug use and gender differences in these relationships. Although the general relationship between exposure to IPV and negative outcomes for youth has been demonstrated in past research, gender differences in the effects of IPV on adolescents have been rarely assessed using longitudinal data.

Methods

Longitudinal data was obtained from 1,315 adolescents and their primary caregivers participating in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN). The sample was 51% female and ethnically diverse (45% Hispanic, 37% African-American, and 14% Caucasian). Two waves of data were assessed to examine the effects of exposure to IPV, reported by caregivers when their children were aged 12 and 15, on violence and drug use, reported by adolescents 3 years later. Multivariate statistical models were employed to control for a range of child, parent, family, and neighborhood risk factors.

Results

Exposure to IPV did not significantly predict subsequent violence among males or females in multivariate analyses. IPV exposure was significantly related to the frequency of drug use for females but did not predict drug use among males. This gender difference was not statistically significant, however, which suggests more similarities than differences in the relationship between exposure to IPV and subsequent violence and drug use.

Conclusions

This study supports prior research indicating that exposure to IPV can negatively impact adolescent development, but it suggests that these effects may be more likely to influence some outcomes (e.g., drug use) than others (e.g., interpersonal violence). The findings also emphasize the need for additional research examining the overall impact of IPV on adolescent problem behaviors and gender differences in these relationships, including longitudinal studies and investigations that control for a range of other important predictors. A better understanding of these relationships can help inform intervention efforts aimed at ensuring that adolescents living in violent households receive timely and appropriate services to help prevent the occurrence of future problem behaviors.     

Witnessing intimate partner violence as a child: How boys and girls model their parents’ behaviors in adolescence

Childhood witnesses of adult violence at home are at risk for future violence. It is unclear how gender of the child and adult perpetrator are related to adolescent relationship violence. We explore how childhood witnessing of same-gender, opposite-gender, and bidirectional violence perpetrated by adults is associated with adolescent relationship violence victimization only, perpetration only, and combined victimization/perpetration for male and female undergraduates. We gathered cross-sectional data from 907 undergraduates attending 67 randomly-selected classes at three distinct East-Coast colleges using pencil-and-paper surveys administered at the end of class time. Multiple imputation with chained equations was used to impute missing data. Multinomial regression models controlling for gender, age, race, school, and community violence predicted adolescent outcomes for each witnessing exposure; relative risk ratios and average adjusted probabilities with 95% confidence intervals are presented. Adolescent relationship violence outcomes vary based on gender of the child witness and adult perpetrator. Witnessing adult males perpetrate is associated with higher perpetration for boys and higher combined victimization/perpetration for girls. Witnessing adult females perpetrate – either as the sole perpetrator or in a mutually violent relationship with an adult male – increases risk for combined victimization/perpetration for boys and girls during adolescence.     

Social support and the relationship between family and community violence exposure and psychopathology among high risk adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the protective effect of social support in the relationship between exposure to violence and psychopathology. Exposure to violence in the family and exposure to violence in the community were examined separately. Exposure to violence was further divided according to whether violence was experienced as a victim or as a witness. Internalizing and externalizing forms of psychopathology, as well as post-traumatic stress symptomatology were examined. METHOD: Participants consisted of 65 high-risk adolescents admitted consecutively to psychiatric inpatient units. Data were collected by means of individual interviews, self-report questionnaires, and hospital charts. RESULTS: Social support emerged as a protective factor with respect to the maladaptive effects of family violence, experienced as either a victim or as a witness. In contrast, social support did not appear to buffer the maladaptive effects of community violence, regardless of whether violence was experienced as a victim or as a witness. In fact, the relationship between community violence and psychopathology was found to be generally nonsignificant regardless of social support status. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that exposure to family violence may affect development differently than exposure to community violence, allowing social support to effectively buffer the effects of family, but not community violence. This finding highlights the importance of examining violence exposure that occurs within the family separately from violence exposure that occurs within the community.     

Can supportive parenting protect against school delay amongst violence-exposed adolescents in South Africa?

Exposure to multiple forms of violence is common amongst adolescents from socioeconomically disadvantaged communities in South Africa. Adolescents’ exposure to violence at home, in school and in their communities can lead to detrimental outcomes in education. In particular, adolescents who are more frequently exposed to multiple forms of violence are at risk of school delay. This paper investigates the potential for supportive parenting to protect against adolescents’ school delay in this context. With this aim, this paper applies structural equation modelling to a sample of 503 adolescents exposed to multiple forms of violence from 40 socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. Adolescents’ self-report data on child abuse in the family, school and community, and adolescents’ perceptions of positive parenting, consistent discipline, good monitoring, parental involvement and social support were analyzed. Results showed that perceptions of more positive parenting and consistent discipline moderated the relationship between more frequent exposure to multiple forms of violence and school delay. Our findings suggest that supportive parenting has the potential to protect against school delay for poly-victimized adolescents in South Africa.