Differences Between Students' and Instructors' Perceptions of Actual and Preferred Classroom Environment in Higher Education

The College and University Classroom Environment Inventory was developed for assessing higher education students' or instructors' perceptions of the following seven dimensions of actual or preferred classroom psychosocial environment: personalisation, involvement, student cohesiveness, satisfaction, task orientation, innovation and individualisation. Each scale displayed satisfactory internal consistency reliability and discriminant validity for use in its actual and preferred forms with either perceptions of students in different classes. Use of the instrument in a study in 20 higher education classes revealed that, first, both students and instructors preferred a more favourable classroom environment than the one actually present and, second, instructors perceived the environment of their classes more positively than did their students in the same classrooms.     

Teacher Praise and Feedback and Students' Perceptions of the Classroom Environment

The relationships between teacher praise and feedback, and students' perceptions of the classroom environment were investigated in six rural elementary schools (n = 747). The Teacher Feedback Scale and My Classroom Scale were developed as part of this study and used to collect the data. Structural equation modelling was used to test a hypothesised model. The results indicated that negative teacher feedback and effort feedback were both related to students' relationships with their teachers, while ability feedback was associated with perceptions of the classroom environment. Praise was not related to classroom environment or teacher-student relationships. Significant age and gender differences were found. Additionally, differences were found between students who were satisfied with their classroom and those who were dissatisfied. Satisfied students received more general praise, general ability feedback, effort feedback and less negative teacher feedback when compared to dissatisfied students.     

Teacher-as-Researcher Reform: Student Achievement and Perceptions of Learning Environment

This study reports the results of a research project conducted as part of high school teachers' efforts to bring about reform of science education in their school. Two classes of Grade 8 students (N = 43) taught by the same teacher were monitored in terms of students' perceptions of their learning environment, achievement levels, and conceptual understanding of research. Quantitative methods (questionnaire, tests and examinations, GPA) and qualitative methods (interviews, videotaped lessons, artifacts) were combined while the learning environment was changed to a student-centered open inquiry format. Not unexpectedly, relationships between the Autonomy and Student-Centeredness scales of the Constructivist Learning Environment Survey (CLES) and immediate (unit test) and delays post-tests (examination subsection) were detected. On the other hand, although student-student interactions in small-groups and whole-class sessions were a significant part of the learning environment, the Negotiation scale was not related to achievement. Three case studies of representative students (in terms of achievement and perceptions of the learning environment) are featured, further underscoring the importance of monitoring reform of teaching at the classroom level.     

网络自主学习中大学生英语学习策略与学业成绩的元分析

采用元分析方法对国内网络自主学习环境下非英语专业大学生学习策略与英语学习英语成就之间的关系强度进行探讨,并进一步探究自主学习策略分类及学习内容等变量对两者关系的调节作用。结果表明,网络自主学习环境下学习策略与学习成就存在显著的中等相关,在所有学习策略中,元认知策略与学习成绩的相关性最高,英语听力成绩与非认知学习策略呈较为显著的相关性,学习成绩测试类型、学习策略量表类型是调节学习策略与学业成绩关系的潜在因素,出版类型的调节效应不显著。     

Effects of Classroom Assessment Practices on Students' Achievement Goals

This study examined the effects of classroom assessment practices on students' achievement goals. The study included 1,636 ninth grade students and 83 science teachers from Muscat public schools in Oman. Results from hierarchical linear modeling techniques showed that class contextual features and teachers' teaching experiences and assessment practices interacted significantly with students' characteristics in influencing students' achievement goals. Recommendations, implications, and suggestions for practice and future research are discussed.     

Relationship between Students' Perceptions of School Environment,Their Satisfaction with School and Perceived Academic Achievement: An International Study

During the last decades numerous studies have been conducted with the aim of finding predictors of an effective school measured in terms of the average level of the students' academic achievement. Few of these studies have examined how the students' perception of their work environment at school influences their academic achievement. The present article applies theory and findings from research on the adult work environment to the daily school life of children and adolescents. The analyses are based on self-reported data from the "Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Survey" (the HBSC study), using data from countries in both Eastern and Western Europe. Data from 11, 13 and 15 year old students in Finland, Latvia, Norway and Slovakia are used. The findings suggest that the most important psychosocial school setting predictors of students' perception of their academic achievement are that they feel satisfied with school, that they feel the teachers do not expect too much of them, and that they have a good relationship with their fellow students. The findings imply that interventions which enhance the students' satisfaction with school are likely to improve their achievement as well.     

Students' Perceptions of Interpersonal Aspects of the Learning Environment

This study examined variables associated with differences in students' perceptions of interpersonal teacher behavior. The perceptions of 3023 students and 74 teachers in 168 classes in seven secondary schools were used in the analyses. Investigating variance at the student, class, teacher and school levels revealed that several variables are significantly related to students' perceptions: student and teacher gender, student and teacher ethnic background, student age and grade, class size, grade level, subject taught and teacher experience. There were interaction effects between some variables, such as student ethnicity and student gender, as well as student and teacher gender. While significant, the amount of variance explained by these was low (around 10%). The outcomes generally confirmed earlier research, although some new effects were found. Perhaps the main result of the study was its verification of the complex and interactive nature of students' perceptions of the learning environment and researchers' understanding of it.     

Influences of the Normative Environment of Peer Groups on Community College Students' Perceptions of Growth and Development

Grounded in Weidman's (1989a) socialization model and Pace's (1979b) theoretical conception of quality of effort, this study examines the effects of peer groups on community college students perceptions of general educational gains. Peer groups were defined as the aggregate student body within an institution. The sample consisted of a national sample of community college students who had responded to the Community College Student Experiences Questionnaire. Given the nested structure of the data, hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine institutional- and student-level effects. Dominant influences on students' perceived gains were from the quality of effort exerted by students. Aggregates of individual-level measures were used as indicators of the peer environment and had little impact on individual-level estimates.     

信息技术环境下提高学生课堂参与性的策略探究

长期以来学生的课堂参与性存在着若干问题,信息技术以其强大的多媒体性与交互性在提高学生课堂参与性方面存在着独特的优势,给传统的课堂教学提供了新的发展空间.利用信息技术可以创设教学情境,引发学习动机;可以化抽象为形象,促进学生理解;可以实施新的教学方式,培养学生的自主学习能力等等.     

中学生课堂环境感知的差异性——以某市为考察中心

本研究采用整班随机抽样选取某市四所普通中学的602名学生,运用＂课堂环境量表＂（CES）考察中学生课堂环境的感知差异。结果发现,（1）本研究采用的＂课堂环境量表＂（CES）简易版本三个维度在中国的课堂环境中同样具有心理测量学所需的信度和效度;（2）不同年级的学生在＂合群＂方面存有差异,这与＂个人发展维度＂里的竞争程度有关;（3）初中学生在＂参与＂和＂秩序与组织＂两方面的程度要低于高中学生,而在＂创新＂方面则相反;（4）不同组别的初中和高中学生在＂教师支持＂、＂任务定向＂、＂规则明晰＂以及＂教师控制＂方面的差异特征并不相同。     

Gender,Achievement, and African-American Students' Perceptions of Their School Experience

This article discusses factors related to academic achievement among African-American male and female students. A review of the literature on achievement and gender differences among African-American students and two empirical studies I conducted are presented. The results of the first study, which focused on achievement, indicated that successful achievers reported more positive self-perceptions, more interpersonal support, and more active problem solving. The results of the second study, which focused on gender differences, indicated differences in support favoring females. In addition, some gender differences were found in this sample that differed from those found for White students.     

安徽省消费需求与经济增长关系实证研究——基于2007年安徽省投入产出表

影响力系数和感应度系数是投入产出分析中的两个重要系数,利用影响力系数和感应度系数指标可以分析、比较国民经济中各部门或各行业的重要地位及其对国民经济中各行业的推动作用,从而为促进经济的发展建言献策。通过这两个系数实证分析了安徽省消费需求与经济增长的关系,结果显示：消费需求拉动第三产业总产出最显著,对第二产业的拉动次之,说明消费需求的增加对第二、三产业的发展具有极其重要的带动作用。为了促进安徽省经济的健康发展,扩大的消费需求仍是目前的主要任务之一。     

压力与绩效关系及其管理策略

本文从压力产生的良性及不良两种后果着手，根据U型理论，基于个体差异对压力的不同反映程度，围绕绩效这个中心，提出了一些个体如何提高抗压能力的管理策略。     

Parental Involvement and Students' Academic Achievement: A Growth Modeling Analysis

The major research objective of this study was to assess the effect of parental involvement on students' academic growth during the high school years. The National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88) data were used, and latent growth curve analysis within the framework of structural equation modeling was the major analytic tool. The following are the major findings of the study: (a) Parental involvement appears to be multidimensional; (b) ethnic group samples reported comparable degrees of parental involvement; (c) parents' aspiration for their children's education attainment had a consistent and positive effect on students' academic growth; and (d) the effect, or lack thereof, of parental involvement was consistent across ethnic group samples and across data sources (student vs. parent data). Plausible reasons for the consistent effect of parents' aspirations on students' academic achievement are discussed. The author offers explanations for why some parental involvement dimensions showed negative, though generally small, effects on students' academic growth.     

补习与中学生英语学业成绩的相关性研究

基于文献综述和问卷调查,本文就补习对中学生英语学业成绩的相关性进行了探讨。结果表明,补习与英语学业成绩的提高并没有必然关联,真正与学业成绩相关的因素是学习者可控因素——英语学习信念：高低分组在学习焦虑、信心、兴趣和态度方面表现出显著差异,高分组学生比低分组学生更积极。研究表明,对英语补习应持理性判断,更应谨慎行事。     

Associations Between Classroom Environment and Academic Efficacy

Research was conducted on associations between classroom psychosocial environment and academic efficacy. A sample of 1055 mathematics students from Australian secondary schools responded to an instrument that assessed ten dimensions of mathematics classroom environment (viz. Student Cohesiveness, Teacher Support, Investigation, Task Orientation, Cooperation, Equity, Involvement, Personal Relevance, Shared Control, Student Negotiation). These scales were from two existing instruments, namely, What Is Happening In This Classroom? (WIHIC) and the Constructivist Learning Environment Survey (CLES). A seven-item scale assessed students' academic efficacy at mathematics-related tasks. Simple and multiple correlation analyses revealed statistically significant correlations between these classroom environment dimensions and academic efficacy. Results showed that classroom environment relates positively with academic efficacy. A commonality analysis showed that the three scales from the Constructivist Learning Environment Survey scales did not contribute greatly to explaining variance in academic efficacy beyond that attributed to the seven scales in the What Is Happening In This Classroom? questionnaire.     

自然条件与古希腊文明的关系

自然条件对人类历史的发展有重要影响。地中海东部地区独特的自然地理条件和气候条件孕育了古希腊蔚蓝色的海洋文明。自然条件与古希腊文明的关系明显地呈现出以下特征：山阻海隔，城邦林立；海洋环抱，航海发达；条件各异，农工商并举；耕地有限，海外殖民；环境独特，文化繁荣。     

The Relation Between Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement Across Childhood and Adolescence: A Meta-Analysis

This research synthesis explores how academic achievement relates to two main components of self-regulated learning for students in elementary and secondary school. Two meta-analyses integrated previous findings on (1) the defining metacognitive processes of self-regulated learning and (2) students’ use of cognitive strategies. Overall correlations were small (metacognitive processes, r?=?0.20; cognitive strategies, r?=?0.11), but there was systematic variation around both of them. Five moderator analyses were conducted to explain this variation. Average correlations significantly differed based on the specific process or strategy, academic subject, grade level, type of self-regulated learning measure, and type of achievement measure. Follow-up tests explored the nature of these differences and largely support the hypotheses. Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of these findings are discussed.     

A Classroom Study on the Relationship Between Student Achievement and Retrieval-Enhanced Learning

Retrieval practice has been shown to produce powerful learning gains in laboratory experiments but has seldom been explored in classrooms as a means of enhancing students’ learning of their course-relevant material. Furthermore, research is lacking concerning the role of individual differences in learning from retrieval. The current study explored the effects of retrieval in a large undergraduate introductory biology course as a function of individual differences in student achievement. Students completed in-class exercises that required them to retrieve course information (e.g., recalling definitions for terms and labeling diagrams) followed by feedback or to simply copy the information without retrieving it. A later quiz over the information showed that high-performing students benefited more from retrieving than copying, whereas middle- and low-performing students benefited more from copying than retrieving. When asked to predict their quiz scores following the in-class exercises, high-performers demonstrated better overall metacognitive calibration compared to middle- or low-performers. These results highlight the importance of individual differences in learning from retrieval and encourage future research using course-relevant material to consider the role of student achievement in classroom-based interventions.     

自尊在班级环境与中小学生学校适应中的中介作用

为了探讨社会交往的重要方面——自尊在班级环境与中小学生学校适应之间的中介作用,采用＂儿童自尊量表＂、＂我的班级量表＂和＂中国化班级戏剧量表＂对711名中小学生进行调查,研究得出自尊在班级环境的同学关系与攻击行为间和秩序纪律与攻击行为间存在完全中介效应;自尊在班级环境的学习负担与攻击行为间不存在中介效应;学习负担直接影响攻击行为。