Collaboration, scaffolding and the promotion of problem solving strategies in Mexican pre-schoolers

Research in Mexican schools, drawing upon earlier research in the UK, has led to the development and use of a method for describing, comparing and evaluating the particular approaches and interactional strategies used by teachers and learners. Using this method, qualitative and quantitative comparisons are made to distinguish between teachers who use a conventional, formal, directive approach when teaching 5-year-old children mathematical skills (called the “Official” method) and those who use a more interactive, collaborative, supportive, “scaffolded” approach to teach similar classes of children (called the “High Scope” method). In an earlier study, we found more competent and independent problem-solving among High/Scope pupils than among their peers taught by the Official method. In the present study, discourse analysis and statistical analysis of the relative frequencies of types of teacher-pupil interaction in the classrooms of two “Official” teachers and two “High’ Scope” teachers are used to explain the improved problem-solving of the “High Scope” pupils. The findings support the view that by creating a more collaborative, scaffolded version of classroom education, teachers can more successfully enable children to develop their own problem-solving skills, learning strategies and curriculum-related understanding. The research also contributes to the development and implementation of methods for promoting a more effective style of teacher-learner interaction in the classroom.     

Digital games pre-schoolers play: parental mediation and examination of educational content

Education and Information Technologies - The aim of this study is to examine mediations of parents who make digital games played by 60–72 months old children accessible, and the...     

A longitudinal study of handwriting skills in pre-schoolers: the acquisition of syllable oriented programming strategies

Previous studies have shown the relevance of the syllable as a programming unit in handwriting production, both in adults and elementary school children. This longitudinal study focuses on the acquisition of writing skills in a group of preschoolers. It examines how and when the syllable structure of the word starts regulating motor programming in handwriting. Eighteen five year old preschoolers copied six-letter Catalan words (disyllabic and trisyllabic) on a digitiser at three different times over the academic year (January, March, and May). The words were written in uppercase letters. We measured the duration of the inter-letter intervals (ILI) to gather information on the timing of motor programming. The results indicated that from January to March the children were mostly focused on movement proficiency. The results also showed different profiles of ILI duration for the two types of words over the three sessions. For disyllabic words, the syllable regulated movement programming in January; for trisyllabic words, this happened in March. This suggests that the syllable already plays a role in the programming of handwriting movements in kindergarten.     

Speech sound disorders in preschool children: correspondence between clinical diagnosis and teacher and parent report

Abstract

This study sought to assess the level of correspondence between parent and teacher report of concern about young children’s speech and specialist assessment of speech sound disorders (SSD). A sample of 157 children aged 4–5 years was recruited in preschools and long day care centres in Victoria and New South Wales (NSW). SSD was assessed independently by: (1) clinical diagnosis by a speech-language pathologist using the Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology; (2) parent-reported concern using the Parent Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS); (3) teacher-reported concern using the PEDS. Agreement between parent identification of SSD and clinical assessment was high (86–90%). Agreement between teacher identification and clinical assessment was lower, and varied by state (Victoria 80%; NSW 63%). Differences in the accuracy of early childhood teachers’ identification of SSD are considered in relation to early childhood policies regarding the provision of speech-language pathology services in preschool settings.     

群言

现在我们要注意的是职业教育的规模、学科的设置,需要和社会需求相吻合,因为它是面向整个社会的,所以又应该和社会发展相协调。 国务院总理温家玉在国家科技领导小组会议上讲话时指出,在我国中长期发展战略中,提高职业教育发展与社会需求的吻合度尤为重要。这既是改革发展的重要目标,也是保障职业教育健康、协调、可持续发展的重要措施。     

Truth Behind Speech:Facts from Speech

Language reveals facts of our society,our identities especially since we are labeled by our culture which is in the lan guage that shapes our mind and identities.Aspects of our identities such as our gender,age,social status,geographical background can all be detected by the listeners.     

浅谈言语行为和言语行为能力

言语行为理论是语用学的一个重要的组成部分。通过对言语行为的探究，我们可以更好的改进言语行为能力。毫无疑问，言语行为理论对语言研究具有巨大的启发意义。但显然语言理论不可能完全建立在言语行为理论的基础上，言语行为理论本身还有许多问题需要我们去探索。     

Speech books in review

Barbara, Dominick A., Stuttering: A Psychodynamic Approach To Its Understanding and Treatment, New York: The Julian Press, Inc., pp. 304, $5.00.

Braden, W. W. and Brandenburg, E., Oral Decision‐Making, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1955, pp. 572, $4.75.

Henneke, Ben G., Reading Aloud Effectively, New York: Reinhart and Co., Inc., 1954, pp. 481, $5.00

Huston, A. D., Sandberg, R. A., rev. by Mills, Jack, Effective Speaking in Business, New York: Prentice‐Hall, Inc., 1955, pp. 399, $6.35.

Moses, Paul J., The Voice of Neurosis, New York: Grune and Stratton, 1954, pp. 131, $4.00.

Mulgrave, Dorothy I., Speech for the Classroom Teacher, 3rd. ed., New York: Prentice‐Hall, Inc., 1955, pp. 470, $5.75.

Painter, Margaret, Ease in Speech, 3rd. ed., Boston: D. C. Heath and Co., 1954, pp. 456, $3.00.

Sisson, Charles J., ed., William Shakespeare: The Complete Works, New York: Haprer and Brothers, 1953, pp. 1376, $4.50.     

Speech choirs in Europe

The Theory of Preaching. By Austin Phelps, New York: Charles Seribner's Sons, 1882.

A Treatise on the Preparation and Delivery of Sermons. By John A. Broadus. New York: A. C. Armstrong and Son, 1870; 23d edition, revised and edited by E. C. Dargan, 1898.     

语言·言语及言语的语言学

从索绪尔的"言语"入手,阐述了语言与言语的关系,引出了"言语的语言学"的概念及内容,论述了研究"言语的语言学"的必要性及该语言学和其它语言学的关系,从四个方面归纳了"言语的语言学"的研究方法,从而激发人们对该语言学进行探索,向认识的更高目标迈进。     

学生演讲弊病浅探

学生们在演讲时存在着一些通病 ,如结构单一 ,内容空洞 ,感情苍白 ,语汇抽象 ,语气强硬 ,态势失当等。口语教师应从培养多向思维、勤收素材、适度的缘物放情、设计得体的体态语言等方面入手 ,指导学生搞好演讲。     

Speech in the Senate

Gard, Robert, Grassroots Theatre, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1955, 263 pp., $4.00.

Cooper, Charles W., Preface to Drama, New York: Ronald Press, 1955, 773 pp., $4.50.

Joels, Merrill E., Acting is a Business, New York: Hastings House, 1955, 96 pp., $2.50.

Kaufman, W. I., How To Write For Television, New York: Hastings House, 1955, 95 pp., $2.50.

Macgowan, K., and Melnitz, W., The Living Stage, New York: Prentice‐Hall, 1955, 543 pp., $6.00.

Bettinger, H., revised by Corberg, S., Television Techniques, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1955, 236 pp., $3.75.

Kingston, W. K., Cowgill, R., and Levy, R., Broadcasting Television and Radio, New York: Prentice‐Hall, 1955, 274 pp., $4.00.

Oliver, R. T., Dickey, D., and Zelko, H., rev. ed., Communicative Speech, New York: Dryden Press, 1955, 386 pp., $3.60.

Crocker, L., and Eich, L. M., Oral Reading, 2nd. ed., New York: Prentice‐Hall, 1955, 492 pp., $5.50.

Brigance, William N., Speech Communication, 2nd. ed., New York: Appleton‐Century‐Crofts, 1955, 202 pp.

Black, J. W., and Moore, W. E., Speech: Code, Meaning, and Communication, New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1955, 430 pp., $4.50.

McBurney, J. H., and Wrage, E. J., Guide to Good Speech, New York: Prentice‐Hall, 1955, 346 pp., $3.75.

Brown, Charles T., Introduction to Speech, New York: Houghton‐Mifflin, 1955, 458 pp., $4.25.

Braden, W. W., and Brandenburg, E., Oral Decision Making, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1955, 572 pp., $4.75.

Davidson, Henry A., Handbook of Parliamentary Procedure, New York: Ronald Press, 1955, 292 pp., $3.75.

Phillips, David C., Oral Communication In Business, New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1955, 229 pp., $3.75.

Smith, Henry C., Psychology of Industrial Behavior, New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1955, 477 pp., $6.00.

Perry, John, Human Relations In Small Industry, New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1955, 313 pp., $5.50.

Zedler, Empress Y., Listening For Speech Sounds, New York, Doubleday and Company, 1955, 145 pp., $3.00.

Streng, Alice et al, Hearing Therapy for Children, New York: Grune and Stratton, 1955, 371 pp., $6.75.

Johnson, Wendell, assisted by Leutenegger, Ralph R., Stuttering in Children and Adults, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1955, 472 pp., $5.00     

Speech Is Dead; Long Live Speech

EARLY REAGAN: THE RISE TO POWER. By Anne Edwards. New York: William Morrow &; Co, Inc., 1987; pp. 491 + appendices. $21.95.

DOCUMENTARY AND THE MASS MEDIA. Edited by John Corner. Baltimore, MD: Edward Arnold Publishers, 1986; pp. xiv + 178. Paper $19.95.

THE ETHICS OF READING: KANT, de MAN, ELIOT, TROLLOPE, JAMES, AND BENJAMIN. By J. Hillis Miller. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1987; pp. 138. $20.00.

FOUR THEORIES OF MYTH IN TWENTIETH‐CENTURY HISTORY. By Ivan Strenski. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1987; pp. vii + 234. $22.50.

THE RHETORIC OF THE HUMAN SCIENCES: LANGUAGE AND ARGUMENT IN SCHOLARSHIP AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS. Edited by John S. Nelson, Allan Megill, and Donald N. McCloskey. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1987; pp xiii + 445. $24.00.

IMAGING AMERICAN WOMEN: IDEA AND IDEALS IN CULTURAL HISTORY. By Martha Banta. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987; pp. xviii + 844. $50.00.

GLAS. By Jacques Derrida. Translated by John P. Leavey, Jr. and Richard Rand. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986; pp 262. $40.00.

GLASSARY. By John P. Leavey, Jr. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986; pp. 320. $40.00.

THE CULTURE OF CRITICISM AND THE CRITICISM OF CULTURE. By Giles Gunn. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987; pp. xv + 216. $24.95.

MEANING AND MORAL ORDER: EXPLORATIONS IN CULTURAL ANALYSIS. By Robert Withnow. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987; pp. xiii + 435. $38.50.

HOPE AMONG US YET: SOCIAL CRITICISM AND SOCIAL SOLACE IN DEPRESSION AMERICA. By David P. Peeler. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1987; pp. xi + 340. $35.00.

POWER AND COMMUNICATION. By Andrew King. Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press Inc., 1987; pp v + 153. Paper $8.95.

HANDBOOK OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION. Edited by Fredric M. Jablin, Linda L. Putnam, Karlene H. Roberts, and Lyman W. Porter, Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1987; pp. 781. $59.95.

THINGS HIDDEN SINCE THE FOUNDATION OF THE WORLD. By René Girard, with Jean‐Michel Oughourlian and Guy Lefort. Trans. by Stephen Bann and Michael Metteer. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987; pp. 469. $30.00.

MACHIAVELLI AND THE HISTORY OF PRUDENCE. By Eugene Garver. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1987; pp. xiv + 238. $28.50.

LANGUAGE AND TRUTH. By Garth L. Hallett. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988; pp. viii + 234. $21.50.

MARCUS GARVEY LIFE AND LESSONS. Edited by Robert A. Hill and Barbara Bair. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987; pp. xv + 451. $19.95.

GIVING GLORY TO GOD IN APPALACHIA: WORSHIP PRACTICES OF SIX BAPTIST SUBDENOMINATIONS. By Howard Dorgan. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1987; pp. xxvii + 224. $24.95.

LISTENING TO THE CICADAS: A STUDY OF PLATO'S PHAEDRUS. By G.R.F. Ferrari. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987; pp. xiii + 293. $39.50.

ARISTOTLE: THE DESIRE TO UNDERSTAND. By Jonathan Lear. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988; pp. xi + 328. $39.50; paper $12.95.

RENAISSANCE HUMANISM: FOUNDATIONS, FORMS, AND LEGACY. Volume 3: HUMANISM AND THE DISCIPLINES. Ed. Albert Rabil Jr. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988; pp. xvii + 692. $51.95.

RHETORIC: ESSAYS IN INVENTION &; DISCOVERY. By Richard McKeon. Edited with an Introduction by Mark Backman. Woodbridge, CT: Oxbow Press, 1987; pp. xxxi + 220. $25.00.

IN DEFENCE OF RHETORIC. By Brian Vickers. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988; pp. xvii + 508. $79.00.