Education of medical biochemists in Bosnia and Herzegovina

In this paper we would like to briefly introduce readers to the situation in the field of laboratory medicine in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a focus on training in the field of medical biochemistry. As in some of neighboring countries, term Medical biochemist is the usual name for the Clinical biochemist or Clinical chemist in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Despite the difficult period through which the profession had passed in the last two decades, laboratory work, particularly clinical biochemistry, has managed to retain the necessary quality and keep pace with the developed world. In post war period, Society of Medical Biochemists of Bosnia and Herzegovina held regular meetings each year as a part of "life long learning" process, where both scientific and vocational lecturers presented their work. A single law on the state level would provide us with more defined and precise answers, such as: who can get a specialization, how long should last the training for medical biochemistry specialists (duration in years). This law should be in consent with the program described in EC4 or other documents given by the EFCC (European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine) and IFCC (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine).     

医学期刊编辑须具备的纵向性与横向性知识素养

医学期刊是医学信息传播的重要载体,也是医学信息交流的主要依据,随着现代医学事业的快速发展,医学期刊的重要性日益突出,大部分医务人员都是通过医学期刊来获得本专业的科学动态以及前沿知识,因此对医学期刊的质量要求较高。广大编辑工作者的知识结构以及专业素养是确保医学期刊的关键,作为一名优秀的医学期刊编辑工作人员不仅应具备纵向的医学专业知识,同时还要求具备与医学相关的各类横向知识,拥有综合的知识结构体系。笔者结合自己多年来工作经验,就医学期刊编辑人员应具备的纵向性与横向性知识素养提出了自己的观点。     

Rediscovering radiology: new technologies and remedial action at the worksite

This study contributes to social studies of imaging and visualization practices within scientific and medical settings. The focus is on practices in radiology, which are bound up with visual records known as radiographs. The study addresses work following the introduction of a new imaging technology, tomosynthesis. Since it was a novel technology, there was limited knowledge of how to correctly analyse tomosynthesis images. To address this problem, a collective review session was arranged. The purpose of the present study was to uncover the practical work that took place during that session and to show how, and on what basis, new methods, interpretations and understandings were being generated. The analysis displays how the diagnostic work on patients' bodies was grounded in two sets of technologically produced renderings. This shows how expertise is not simply a matter of providing correct explanations, but also involves discovery work in which visual renderings are made transparent. Furthermore, the results point to how the disciplinary knowledge is intertwined with timely actions, which in turn, partly rely on established practices of manipulating and comparing images. The embodied and situated reasoning that enabled radiologists to discern objects in the images thus display expertise as inherently practical and domain-specific.     

Edward B. Aveling: the people's Darwin

By the late-19th century, evolutionary theory, known by most people as Darwinism, had earned a reputation as an atheistic theory that challenged religious orthodoxy. From recent historical work we now know a great deal about how those with religious convictions received Darwinian ideas, and the role that professional scientists played in styling and communicating 'Darwinism' to the wider public and between themselves. However, relatively little is known about how Darwinian ideas were received and used by avowedly irreligious groups, and how these groups set about communicating their own version of Darwinism to a public hungry for cheap and accessible science. The activities of the Secularist Edward Bibbins Aveling, a prolific popularizer of Darwinian ideas in the late-19th century, offer a unique insight into this relatively uncharted territory. His work helped to develop the polemic of popular irreligious groups and imbue Darwinism with overtly atheistic connotations; it also engendered unprecedented support for atheism from the general public, and challenged the monopoly that some professional scientists enjoyed over imparting serious scientific knowledge to them.     

高端科普智库的内涵、治理体系与建设路径

当前,科学技术与公共政策的紧密结合对发挥科普咨政建言作用提出了时代呼唤,建设高端科普智库成为新发展阶段的必然要求。从服务科学决策、团结引领社会公众参与民主决策、强化舆论引导等方面探讨了建设高端科普智库的重要意义,界定了高端科普智库的内涵,从目标、内容、对象、动力等方面剖析了高端科普智库的基本特征。探讨了当前高端科普智库建设面临的问题和困境。从治理体系、产品生产、影响力三个维度构建了高端科普智库建设路径的分析框架,并对国内外13家高端智库和科技智库的建设经验进行了比较分析,基于此总结提出高端科普智库的建设路径,包括建立科学的智库治理体系、优化智库产品生产机制、提升智库决策影响力等。     

国家重点实验室体系研究现状的知识图谱分析

国家重点实验室体系在我国科技创新中发挥重要作用,如何释放其最大效能成为这一领域的研究焦点。以我国中文论文数据库为样本,借助知识图谱技术,结合Citespace可视化软件,通过定量化、可视化已有研究文献的研究热点、研究前沿、研究领域及代表性研究成果,绘制了我国国家重点实验室体系研究现状的系列知识图谱。在此基础上,给出了我国国家重点实验室体系研究急需解决的两个关键性问题。即各类国家重点实验室之间的协同创新问题、国家重点实验室体系研究主题的进一步聚焦及代表性成果的显示度问题。这为深化我国国家重点实验室体系研究奠定了理论基础,同时也为提升我国国家重点实验室体系的创新能力指明了方向。     

回任适应对回任人员创新行为的影响研究

本文以跨国公司回任人员为研究对象,将回任适应分为工作适应、人际适应和环境适应三个维度,实证研究回任适应对回任人员创新行为的影响,探讨知识转移的中介作用和创新自我效能的调节作用,构建有调节的中介模型。160位来自我国20家跨国公司的回任人员的研究结果表明：工作适应、人际适应和环境适应均对知识转移具有显著的正面影响,知识转移对创新行为具有显著的正面影响,同时,知识转移在工作适应、人际适应、环境适应和创新行为之间起部分中介作用,创新自我效能在知识转移与创新行为之间起调节作用。此外,有调节的中介检验表明创新自我效能调节知识转移在回任适应与创新行为之间所起的中介效应,即中介关系在高创新自我效能下比低创新自我效能下更强。     

科学数据分析综论：情报学新视野

【目的/意义】随着大数据时代各类科学数据爆发式增长,科学数据分析的重要性日渐显现。情报学因其在信息分析上的专长,应当积极参与推动科学数据分析,使其成为情报学新的增长点。【方法/过程】综论科学数据分析大势,概析科学数据分析内涵与外延,为情报学前沿拓展提供参考。提出聚焦具体科学问题、通过数据分析方法实现知识发现的科学数据分析模式,建议以知识发现为中心发展和深化科学数据分析。【结果/结论】在重点关注天文和物理数据分析、生物和医药数据分析基础上,通过关键词共现实例揭示科学数据分析因主题领域不同而形成相对独立研究社群,为在不同主题领域深化科学数据分析提供新视角。同时提示关注科学数据分析向文科领域的扩张。【创新/局限】指出科学数据分析有望成为情报学新的增长点。     

The fate of a progressive science: the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory, athletes, the science of work and the politics of reform

In the early twentieth century, fatigue research marked a site of conflicting scientific, industrial, and cultural understandings of working bodies. Many fatigue researchers understood fatigue to be a physiological fact and allied themselves with Progressive-era reformers in urging industrial regulation. Reformers clashed with advocates of Taylorism, who held that productivity could be perpetually increased through managerial efficiency. Histories of this conflict typically cease with the end of the First World War. I examine the work of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory in the 1920s and 1930s to explore the impact that the introduction of biochemical methods had on the relationship between science and reform. The Laboratory developed sophisticated techniques to study the blood of exercising individuals. In particular, it found that exercising individuals could attain a biochemically "steady state," or equilibrium, and extrapolated from this to assert that fatigue was psychological, not physiological, in nature. In contrast to Progressive-era research, the Laboratory reached this conclusion through laboratory examination, not of workers, but of Laboratory staff members and champion marathon runners. I present the Laboratory's institutional history, scientific work, and finally how common cultural understandings of athletes and work lent plausibility to its efforts to make authoritative statements about industrial conditions.     

对妇产科住院医师临床思维能力培养的实践和思考

妇产科住院医师临床上遇到的疾病大多处于病情的急危阶段,此时科学的临床思维尤显重要。文章提出在妇产科住院医师培训阶段,如何培养其临床思维能力进行初步探讨,建议应从多方面加强妇产科住院医师临床思维能力的培养和技能训练,完成短时间内迅速确立诊断,树立遵循循证医学的理念,在实践基础之上形成科学而缜密的思维方式。     

基于文献计量的我国科研仪器研究知识结构分析

大科学时代科研仪器与高端科研成果产出存在紧密的联系,科研仪器作为探索自然规律的重要工具,在科研领域的作用不容忽视。本研究从文献计量视角对我国科研仪器研究文献展开分析,通过可视化工具及LDA模型进行文本挖掘揭示科研仪器研究的知识结构。分析发现以科研仪器为主题的文献数量增长迅速,作者合作密度较低,科研仪器研究主题覆盖范围在逐渐扩大,结合人工编码及LDA文本挖掘确定科研工作、科研基础、科研设备以及科研人员4个主题,其中科研工作与科研基础主题在我国科研仪器研究知识结构中占比较多,科研设备与科研人员主题的研究力量薄弱。     

Lay experts and the politics of breast implants

This paper discusses the controversy around breast implants in the United States and Europe. It focuses on the emergence of consumer and support groups for women and offers an analysis of the role they have played in recent policy developments in UK and Europe. The politics of breast implants is seen as a politics of knowledge in which scientific expertise has consistently been deployed in ways that minimize the credibility and legitimacy of women's accounts of their bodies and illness experiences. These women have been doubly disadvantaged in a policy debate that turns on scientific controversy and uncertainty. This implies a gendered dynamic to the changing relations of knowledge and expertise. The paper contributes to an understanding of the relations between regulators, manufacturers, users, and clinicians in the global medical device industry and to wider debates around the public understanding of science.     

Knowledge management and scientific knowledge generation

This paper focuses on the knowledge generation property of science, asking the question how the historical success of science in the field of knowledge generation can be articulated to make it relevant to all approaches used for scientific knowledge generation in a pluralist reality. It proposes that science can be described more appropriately as a capability rather than to describe it methodologically and also provides preliminary indications on how to go about describing science as a capability. The goal of the investigation is to add value to the third generation of knowledge management where knowledge generation becomes important, not only knowledge diffusion. It assumes that knowledge generation is of foundational importance in practical problem solving.     

浅析科研管理队伍的建设

随着国家对科研的不断投入,科研管理工作的工作模式和工作重心已经发生了明显的改变,新形势下对科研管理工作也提出了越来越高的要求。科研管理人员作为科研活动的组织者和服务者,其素质和工作能力直接影响到本单位的科研管理水平,只有具备高素质的科研管理队伍,才能保障科研活动的良性运转。本文在分析科研管理特点的基础上,提出了科研管理人员应具备的六种基本素质要求,即积极的工作态度和细致的工作作风、高水平的政策理解力、广博的知识面和自主学习意识、较强的组织协调能力、网络信息化管理能力和服务意识。同时,单位需要通过合理的用人机制、考评机制和奖励机制为科研管理队伍的发展建设创造条件。     

互联网背景下中美国家实验室信息公开化比较研究

从公众对国家实验室的关注度、实验室网站的影响力,以及实验室信息公开化内容的绩效评价三个方面,对比分析美国部分国家实验室信息公开化程度,研究发现,中国国家实验室在信息公开化的程度、影响力以及公开内容的全面性和有效性都有待提高。     

基于知识管理的高校图书馆文献采访决策科学化研究

新形势下高校图书馆采访工作仍存在着一些弊端。而采访决策决定着文献采访的行为和状态,引导文献采访工作的方向。本文抓住知识管理的核心问题,分别从宏观和微观的角度论述了以知识管理的理论为指导促进高校图书馆采访决策科学化的有效策略,以期能克服这些弊端,更好地为教学和科研服务。     

Crowdsourcing research questions in science

Scientists are increasingly crossing the boundaries of the professional system by involving the general public (the crowd) directly in their research. However, this crowd involvement tends to be confined to empirical work and it is not clear whether and how crowds can also be involved in conceptual stages such as formulating the questions that research is trying to address. Drawing on five different “paradigms” of crowdsourcing and related mechanisms, we first discuss potential merits of involving crowds in the formulation of research questions (RQs). We then analyze data from two crowdsourcing projects in the medical sciences to describe key features of RQs generated by crowd members and compare the quality of crowd contributions to that of RQs generated in the conventional scientific process. We find that the majority of crowd contributions are problem restatements that can be useful to assess problem importance but provide little guidance regarding potential causes or solutions. At the same time, crowd-generated research questions frequently cross disciplinary boundaries by combining elements from different fields within and especially outside medicine. Using evaluations by professional scientists, we find that the average crowd contribution has lower novelty and potential scientific impact than professional research questions, but comparable practical impact. Crowd contributions outperform professional RQs once we apply selection mechanisms at the level of individual contributors or across contributors. Our findings advance research on crowd and citizen science, crowdsourcing and distributed knowledge production, as well as the organization of science. We also inform ongoing policy debates around the involvement of citizens in research in general, and agenda setting in particular.     

Permanent and temporary work practices: knowledge integration and the meaning of boundary activities

Knowledge integration is a critical topic in current knowledge management research and practice. Research on this topic focuses primarily on how knowledge is integrated within a work setting. A less researched area is knowledge integration between different work groups. The purpose is hence to describe and analyze how knowledge is integrated between different work groups. We present two intensive case studies – one permanent and one temporary (project) work settings – which were studied using a practice-based perspective. A main result of the study is that knowledge integration in the two cases was more complicated than the literature suggests. Both differences and similarities were found between the two cases. Differences were seen in the use of boundary spanning activities and boundary objects, whereas similarities were found in the organizational structures and mechanisms, that is, purposes, rules, and infrastructures, which facilitated the integration of knowledge and/or functioned as obstacles and impediments.     

基于知识基因表达的科技创新路径构建研究

[目的/意义]随着信息的爆炸性增长,科研人员摄取信息的途径越来越多,但对知识的控制能力越来越弱。因此,不论信息如何变化,科研人员需要抓住知识基因的进化过程(科技创新路径)寻找有价值知识,极大提高知识利用效率。[方法/过程]在前期充分辨析科技文献知识基因的基础上,根据科技文献知识基因的特征将科技文献知识基因分为通用知识基因与特定知识基因两种类型。提出利用知识基因表征科技创新路径的节点,根据知识流动的特点,将科技创新路径划分为基于知识基因扩散与知识基因流动的科技创新路径。通过计算知识基因之间遗传或变异的关系,嫁接引用路径构建出知识基因表达的科技创新路径,并通过知识基因间的连线实现可视化表达。[结果/结论]通过阿尔茨海默病领域实验证明,基于知识基因表达的科技创新路径能够从科技文献核心知识价值传承与发展的角度直观地展示出科技创新发展与演化过程。