The education of migrant children in Shanghai: The battle for equity

The PISA success of Shanghai has aroused open challenge and debate about whether the city is a “model of equity”. There have been heated debates about the education of migrant children in Shanghai. This paper analyses publicly accessible policy papers and literature to provide a contextualised interpretation of the major progress and ongoing challenges surrounding the education of migrant children in Shanghai. The paper shows the structural inequalities affecting migrant families and their children. It refers to central as well as local government policies and the constraints these policies face. The analysis shows that Shanghai remains riddled with ongoing challenges that may have been obscured by the PISA success.     

试论教育券与随迁农民工子女义务教育问题

改革开放以来,我国大量农村劳动力涌入城市,就带来了随迁农民工子女义务教育如何解决的问题,文章从教育券这一角度出发,对解决农民工子女义务教育问题进行了一些探讨。     

The marginality of migrant children in the urban Chinese educational system

The present paper explores issues of the educational marginality of migrant children in urban settings in two cities in China. The numbers of urban migrants exceed 100 million and are growing as China modernizes. This is creating tensions between residents and recent arrivals who lack residential registration and access to public services. As a result, migrant children often attend informal, private and usually unregulated schools of low quality organized by their communities. These tend to reinforce social stratification and reproduce marginality across the generations. The paper argues that state failure to provide basic education risks a growing divide between urban residents and recent migrants that has social consequences that must be addressed to remove discriminatory practices and resolve potential conflicts between hosts and migrant communities.     

考试公平是教育公平的重要体现

考试不仅是社会育人、量人、选人的重要机制,而且是教育机会和资源分配的重要依据。在考试中坚持公平性,是促进教育公平建设的重要组成环节,对促进经济和社会发展、贮备人才、实现人力资源强国具有重要的意义和价值。     

Educational equality in China: analysing educational policies for migrant children in Beijing

This paper focuses on the education of migrant children in Beijing. As of the late 1990s, the Chinese Government has developed several policies to address educational issues among migrant children. The present study analyses data from interviews with key education personnel in Beijing to explore the outcomes of the implementation of such migrant children’s education (MCE) policies and the reasons for variation from policy design. The data suggest that there is poorer equality in terms of education among migrant vs. local children than the government has reported. Migrant children are faced with numerous strict admission procedures for public schools. The Chinese Government has not prioritised educational equality, despite professing to do so. The capability and motivation of local institutions for policy implementation are less adequate than might be expected. Using Honig’s model of policy implementation, this research shows that the outcomes of the MCE policies are a product of interaction between policy design, participants and implementation context.     

对于教育公平的度量

教育公平至今没有度量的方法.本文借鉴有关教育公平的观点,运用度量公平的方法,尝试提出度量教育公平的指标和方法.     

论教育公正中的补偿原则

补偿原则是实现教育公正的重要调剂原则.它保护弱势者的利益,使其得所应得;它在教育起点上做到人人平等,在过程中则以能力为衡量标准,实施非能力因素的补偿;而在结果上,又谨慎对待能力因素的补偿.     

教育目的视角下教育过程公平探究

教育目的是教育和教学活动的重要组成,教育目的为受教育者指出明确的发展方向和发展结果,教育过程公平是教育公平的重要组成部分。本文从教育目的的角度来研究教育过程公平,面对学生的差异站在"使人之为人"的高度认识,站在要让人成为当前时代中发展着的个体的高度认识教育过程公平。     

教育公平及其实现途径

《中共中央关于构建社会主义和谐社会若干重大问题的决定》特别指出,要"坚持教育优先发展,促进教育公平",这意味着促进教育公平已经成为教育优先发展的重要价值取向,也意味着党中央把促进教育公平纳入了建设和谐社会的发展大计之中.为此,我们应该对教育公平的意义有足够的认识,在实际工作中针对现实状况,努力探寻促进教育公平的基本策略.     

School choice and the search for an educational market

This article looks at attempts to create markets in schooling by increasing school choice, making particular reference to a study by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) of the impact of choice policies in six countries: Australia, England, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden and the United States. The main policies examined are subsidies to private schools and enhancement of choice between schools within the public sector. The article identifies five kinds of imperfection in school markets in practice: the failure of clear alternatives to present themselves to consumers; the arbitrariness of criteria for choosing; limits to capacity at popular schools; the failure of supply to diversify in response to consumer pressures and the existence of negative externalities. It is argued that these imperfections make it necessary to intervene to maximise the benefits and minimise the risks of school choice.

---

Zusammenfassung Unter Bezugnahme auf eine Studie der OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development — Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung) beschreibt dieser Artikel Versuche, Märkte im Schulwesen durch erhöhte Schulauswahl zu schaffen. Die OECD-Studie beinhaltet die Auswirkungen der Auswahlpolitik in sechs Ländern: Australien, England, die Niederlande, Neuseeland, Schweden und die Vereinigten Staaten. Zu den wesentlichen hier untersuchten politischen Maßnahmen gehören Zuschüsse für private Schulen und die Förderung der Wahlmöglichkeiten bei öffentlichen Schulen. Der Artikel verweist auf fünf Mängel des Schulmarktes: fehlende klare Alterntiven für den Verbraucher, Willkür der Auswahlkriterien, Grenzen der Kapazitäten an populären Schulen, fehlende Diversifizierung als Antwort auf den Druck durch den Verbraucher und das Bestehen negativer äußerer Umstände. Der Autor argumentiert, daß diese Mängel ein gewisses Maß an Intervention benötigen, um Vorteile zu maximieren und die Risiken bei der Schulwahl so gering wie möglich zu halten.

---

Résumé Cet article passe en revue les tentatives de création de marchés dans le domaine éducatif grâce à l'élargissement des possibilités de choix sur le plan de la scolarité. Il se fonde en particulier sur une étude menée par l'Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques (OCDE) analysant l'impact des politiques de choix dans six pays: l'Australie, l'Angleterre, les Pays-Bas, la Nouvelle-Zélande, la Suède et les Etats-Unis. Les principales politiques examinées sont les suivantes: subventions accordées aux écoles privées et plus grand choix entre les différentes écoles du secteur public. L'article révèle que, dans la pratique, les marchés scolaires présentent cinq imperfections: le manque d'alternatives clairement identifiables par le consommateur; le caractère arbitraire des critères de choix; les capacités limitées des écoles les plus désirées; l'absence d'une diversification répondant à la demande des consommateurs et l'existence de facteurs externes négatifs. Ces imperfections nécessiteraient une intervention pour optimiser les bénéfices et minimaliser les risques liés au choix scolaire.

---

Sumario El artículo enfoca los intentos realizados para crear mercados en la educación mediante la elección de escuela y hace especial referencia a un estudio de la OCDE sobre el impacto de las políticas de elección en seis países: Australia, Inglaterra, Holanda, Nueva Zelandia, Suecia y los Estados Unidos. Las principales actividades examinadas son los subsidios a las escuelas privadas y el perfeccionamiento de la elección de escuela en el sector público. En el artículo se señalan cinco tipos de defectos presentes en la práctica: la carencia de diversidad en las ofertas presentadas a los consumidores, la arbitrariedad de los criterios de election, los límites de capacidad en escuelas popularies, la falta de respuestas a los deseos de los consumidores y la existencia de factores externos negativos. Aquí se aboga por una intervención, para maximizar los beneficios y minimizar los riesgos de la elección de escuela.

     

近年来我国民办农民工子女学校课程研究现状分析

民办农民工子女学校课程问题是继农民工子女入学难问题后逐渐成为广大研究者关注的重点问题之一。梳理我国民办农民工子女学校课程研究相关文献发现,民办农民工子女学校课程研究内容主要围绕学校课程实施所需硬件设施、实施主体教师、学科教学法、隐形课程等展开的。对这一义务教育阶段最薄弱的环节,应提炼出特殊的课题与教学模式。     

论教育政策的程序公平之虚假性

程序公平作为一个集合,集合中的元素有起点公平、过程公平和结果公平以及相关的伦理公平和规则公平。通过程序公平这个集合中的元素之间的学理分析,得出程序公平的虚假性,这里的虚假性是程序公平实现的一种尴尬和一种困境;同时,程序公平是教育政策制定中重要的一种制度安排的追求和结果。正因为程序公平实现的尴尬和困境,因此,进而指出摆脱这种尴尬和困境的路径。     

教育公平视角下的学校效能评价

学校效能研究和评价从表面上看仅是对学校是否有效的客观判断,不含有价值判断.但事实上,学校效能研究和评价起源于对教育公平问题的关注,其发展和技术进步也是建立在对教育公平追求的基础上.通过技术进步保障教育公平的实现,在我国社会全面倡导教育公平的今天具有重要的现实意义.     

Legal and educational perspectives of equity in assessment

Equity in assessment concerns all educational authorities and practitioners. While educators commonly consider issues of equity in terms of accommodations for students with special needs, or addressing cultural difference, equity issues in educational assessment have emerged outside these bases. This paper examines equity assessment issues, drawing predominantly on case history from the United States of America (US) with examples from Australia and England, to demonstrate areas that may draw legal consideration. The discussion shows that the legal standard to establish inequity is high and sometimes illogical from an educational perspective. The paper is intended to assist understanding of legal implications of educational assessment in order to reduce the likelihood of legal claims and the resultant redirection of valuable resources from educational provision. The discussion is also intended to broaden thinking on matters that impact on the provision of equitable educational and assessment opportunities for all students.     

Global transformation and the search for a new educational design

This paper reports on an investigation of collaboration between schools and adult education providers in relation to some case-study examples of ‘parent education’ and ‘family literacy’ programmes. It examines how these organizations' different conceptions of their purposes and their under-pinning values can lead to different outcomes particularly in relation to their conceptualization of the role of the ‘parent’. It argues that schoolteachers and adult education staff come from distinct cultures and have different ideas about education and learning. They have, however, distinctive and complementary roles to play in promoting learning and education and creating a fairer social order. Using a parent centred, dialogic approach positions parents as people with an important contribution to make rather than as ‘problems’ that need to change to the school's way of seeing things. The paper suggests that whilst learning alone cannot abolish inequality and social divisions it can make a real contribution to combating them, not least by tackling the ways in which social exclusion is reinforced through the very processes and outcomes of education and training. If parents can be helped to challenge deficit views of the culture of their homes and communities then a small step has been taken in enabling their voices to be heard in the learning of their children and in their own educational development. For this to happen, however, some of the control that professionals have imposed on schooling for so long will have to be released and parents would need to be regarded as people with important contributions to make as collaborating educational partners.     

Moving knowledge around: Strategies for fostering equity within educational systems

This paper describes and analyses the work of a large scale improvement project in England in order to find more effective ways of fostering equity within education systems. The project involved an approach based on an analysis of local context, and used processes of networking and collaboration in order to make better use of available expertise. Reflecting on the impact and difficulties involved in using such an approach, the paper draws out lessons that may be relevant to other contexts. Consideration is also given to the implications for policy makers, practitioners and community stakeholders.     

Learning to advocate for educational equity in a teacher credential program

Drawing on a 5-year program-wide investigation of ways preservice teachers learn to teach to diversity, this study uses focus groups of graduates to illuminate survey results of their feeling well prepared to advocate for equity in classrooms and schools. Offering suggestions for improvement, graduates nonetheless reported two broad categories of program strength. The first was the value of infusion of culture, language, and equity content in coursework. Themes in strong coursework included focus on culturally responsive, equity-focused pedagogy; preparation to teach English language learners; developing cultural knowledge and sensitivity; and learning advocacy beyond the classroom. Faculty taught and modeled these concerns through many means. The second, which extended coursework, was sustained and scaffolded apprenticeships in teaching for equity, including student teaching supervisors as equity mentors, placements that support teaching for equity, and ongoing cohort discussions of equity teaching.     

Modes, media and methods: the search for educational effectiveness

The educational effectiveness of illustrations, visual-based instructional media, programmed learning, computer assisted learning, audio-tutorial instruction, organization of groups, and mastery learning strategies, are discussed. Attention is drawn to those aspects which produce educationally significant improvements in student performance. It is suggested that this research, which clearly indicates a variety of ways in which levels of attainment can be greatly enhanced, is being ignored in new curriculum developments. The author concludes that the improvements sought by educationists and politicians will not be achieved until the knowledge gained from many years of research is acted upon.