Investigation of a novel perforation technique in petroleum wells—perforation by drilling

The objective of perforating the petroleum wells is to maximize well productivity. A good connectivity between the wellbore and formation can lead up to achieve that goal. However, the conventional method of perforation, which basically involves the use of explosive charges, rarely meets the expected well productivity. It is mainly because of the formation of a region of reduced permeability around the perforation tunnel. To offset such and several other shortcomings of present practices, a new technique is required, the highlight of this paper. Described as the ‘perforation by drilling’ (PD), this new technique is examined and compared for its performance with that of another technique, ‘Perforation by Shooting’ (PS). For this, the experimental and numerical results of the PS technique on cylindrical sand samples of varying amounts of strength and porosity are studied. Moreover, in order to achieve a so-called ‘perfect perforation’, results are compared with the ‘Casting technique’. Three different samples were selected for the measurement of fluid flow rate and differential pressure across the perforation using a ‘geotechnical digital system’ (GDS), which is a triaxial testing device. Profiles such as fluid flow rate with a change in differential pressure and pressure build-up data with time, signify that the PD technique can achieve maximum wellbore productivity when compared to the PS technique. Results also indicate that at a 100 kPa differential pressure, the PS, PD and Casting techniques can achieve 0.20, 0.65 and 1.00 mL/s fluid flow rates respectively across a sample. The paper also implements a 1-D time dependent porous media flow model to simulate flow across the perforated cylindrical samples created by the PS, PD and Casting techniques. Results show a good consistency between the experimental and numerical approaches.     

Linear conversion of pressure into concentration, rapid switching of concentration, and generation of linear ramps of concentration in a microfluidic device

Mixing of liquids to produce solutions with different concentrations is one of the basic functionalities of microfluidic devices. Generation of specific temporal patterns of concentration in microfluidic devices is an important technique to study responses of cells and model organisms to variations in the chemical composition of their environment. Here, we present a simple microfluidic network that linearly converts pressure at an inlet into concentration of a soluble reagent in an observation region and also enables independent concurrent linear control of concentrations of two reagents. The microfluidic device has an integrated mixer channel with chaotic three-dimensional flow that facilitates rapid switching of concentrations in a continuous range. A simple pneumatic setup generating linear ramps of pressure is used to produce smooth linear ramps and triangular waves of concentration with different slopes. The use of chaotic vs. laminar mixers is discussed in the context of microfluidic devices providing rapid switching and generating temporal waves of concentration.     

Mathematical model of pulsatile flow of non-Newtonian fluid in tubes of varying cross-sections and its implications to blood flow

The effects of rheological behavior of blood and pulsatility on flow through an artery with stenosis have been investigated. Blood has been represented by a non-Newtonian fluid obeying Herschel–Bulkley equation. Using the Reynolds number as the perturbation parameter, a perturbation technique is adopted to solve the resulting quasi-steady non-linear coupled implicit system of differential equations. Analytical expressions for velocity distribution, wall shear stress, volumetric flow rate and the mean flow resistance have been obtained. It is observed that the wall shear stress and flow resistance increase for increasing value of yield stress with other parameters held fixed. One of the remarkable results of the present analysis is not only to bring out the effect of the size of the stenosis but also to study the influence of the shape of the stenosis. The change in the shape of the stenosis brings out a significant change in the value of flow resistance but it has no effect on the variation of wall shear stress except shifting the point (where it attains its maximum value) towards downstream. It is pertinent to point out that pulsatile flow of Newtonian fluid, Bingham plastic fluid and Power-law fluid become particular cases of the present model. The present approach has general validity in comparison with many mathematical models developed by others and may be applied to any mathematical model by taking into account of any type of rheological property of blood. The obtained velocity profiles have been compared with the experimental data and it is observed that blood behaves like a Herschel–Bulkley fluid rather than Power-law and Bingham fluids. Finally, some biorheological applications of the present model have briefly been discussed.     

陆架陆坡区非线性内波生成和传播的数值模拟

内孤立波是陆架陆坡区一种常见的现象。本文借助于一个两层非静力近似模式（Gerkema,1996）模拟分析了内孤立波在陆架生成及传播特性,并与已有的观测资料进行了比较分析。结果表明,正压潮与地形相互作用激发生成内潮,内潮在向岸传播过程中,由于正压潮流及自身的非线性作用而发生分裂,受频散作用的影响进一步演化成内孤立子波列。而对于离岸传播的内潮,由于较强的频散效应,非线性与频散在较大尺度上达到平衡,从而使得波形呈现椭圆余旋波的特征。     

Effect of Isoproterenol on Tissue Defense Enzymes,Hemodynamic and Left Ventricular Contractile Function in Rats

Present study investigated the effects of isoproterenol-induced oxidative stress on hemodynamic and ventricular functions in rats. Subcutaneous injections of isoproterenol (85 mg/kg for two consecutive days at 24 h interval) significantly decreased myocardial antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in heart. Isoproterenol-induced oxidative stress was also evidenced by significant depletion of reduced glutathione and increased formation of lipid peroxidation product, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances along with depletion of myocyte injury specific marker enzymes; creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme and lactate dehydrogenase. The deleterious outcome of oxidative stress on hemodyanmic parameters and ventricular function were further evidenced by decreased systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, ventricular contractility; [(+)LVdP/dt] and relaxation; [(−)LVdP/dt], along with an increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Subsequent to changes in heart rate and arterial pressure, isoproterenol also decreased rate pressure product. Present study findings clearly demonstrate the detrimental outcome of isoproterenol induced-oxidative stress on cardiac function and tissue antioxidant defense and substantiate its suitability as an animal model for the evaluation of cardioprotective agents.     

Quantitative monitoring of bone healing process using ultrasound

In this paper, results of the simulated interaction of ultrasound waves with a fractured Tibia are presented. The Tibia bone fracture is one of the most difficult fractures to treat because of the slow healing process which may take up to 5 months. The human body is modeled as a four layer medium: skin, fasciae with fat, muscle and bone. Each of these layers is characterized by its acoustic impedance. These impedances influence the incident, transmitted and reflected ultrasound pressure waves. A mathematical model which describes these interactions was developed and used to compute the reflection coefficient at the transducer side. This coefficient will then be used to quantify the bone healing process.     

用计算机模拟方法研究临街建筑对交通噪声的衰减

用计算机模拟方法分析了临街建筑对交通噪声的衰减作用.模拟结果表明,建筑环境参数的改变对交通噪声污染程度有明显影响.合理改变建筑环境参数,可显著提高降噪效果.     

High-throughput inertial particle focusing in a curved microchannel: Insights into the flow-rate regulation mechanism and process model

In this work, we design and fabricate a miniaturized spiral-shaped microchannel device which can be used for high-throughput particle/cell ordering, enrichment, and purification. To probe into the flow rate regulation mechanism, an experimental investigation is carried out on the focusing behaviors of particles with significantly different sizes in this device. A complete picture of the focusing position shifting process is unfolded to clarify the confusing results obtained from flow regimes with different dominant forces in past research. Specifically, with the increase of the flow rate, particles are observed to first move towards the inner wall under the dominant inertial migration, then stabilize at a specific position and finally shift away from the inner wall due to the alternation of the dominant force. Novel phenomena of focusing instability, co-focusing, and focusing position interchange of differently sized particles are also observed and investigated. Based on the obtained experimental data, we develop and validate, for the first time, a five-stage model of the particle focusing process with increasing flow rate for interpreting particle behaviors in terms of the competition between inertial lift and Dean drag forces. These new experimental findings and the proposed process model provide an important supplement to the existing mechanism of inertial particle flow and enable more flexible and precise particle manipulation. Additionally, we examine the focusing behaviors of bioparticles with a polydisperse size distribution to validate the explored mechanisms and thus help realize efficient enrichment and purification of these particles.     

Coplanar electrowetting-induced stirring as a tool to manipulate biological samples in lubricated digital microfluidics. Impact of ambient phase on drop internal flow pattern

Oscillating electrowetting on dielectrics (EWOD) with coplanar electrodes is investigated in this paper as a way to provide efficient stirring within a drop with biological content. A supporting model inspired from Ko et al. [Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 194102 (2009)] is proposed allowing to interpret oscillating EWOD-induced drop internal flow as the result of a current streaming along the drop surface deformed by capillary waves. Current streaming behaves essentially as a surface flow generator and the momentum it sustains within the (viscous) drop is even more significant as the surface to volume ratio is small. With the circular electrode pair considered in this paper, oscillating EWOD sustains toroidal vortical flows when the experiments are conducted with aqueous drops in air as ambient phase. But when oil is used as ambient phase, it is demonstrated that the presence of an electrode gap is responsible for a change in drop shape: a pinch-off at the electrode gap yields a peanut-shaped drop and a symmetry break-up of the EWOD-induced flow pattern. Viscosity of oil is also responsible for promoting an efficient damping of the capillary waves which populate the surface of the actuated drop. As a result, the capillary network switches from one standing wave to two superimposed traveling waves of different mechanical energy, provided that actuation frequency is large enough, for instance, as large as the one commonly used in electrowetting applications (f ∼ 500 Hz and beyond). Special emphasis is put on stirring of biological samples. As a typical application, it is demonstrated how beads or cell clusters can be focused under flow either at mid-height of the drop or near the wetting plane, depending on how the nature of the capillary waves is (standing or traveling), and therefore, depending on the actuation frequency (150 Hz–1 KHz).     

Microfluidic immunomagnetic cell separation using integrated permanent micromagnets

In this paper, we demonstrate the possibility to trap and sort labeled cells under flow conditions using a microfluidic device with an integrated flat micro-patterned hard magnetic film. The proposed technique is illustrated using a cell suspension containing a mixture of Jurkat cells and HEK (Human Embryonic Kidney) 293 cells. Prior to sorting experiments, the Jurkat cells were specifically labeled with immunomagnetic nanoparticles, while the HEK 293 cells were unlabeled. Droplet-based experiments demonstrated that the Jurkat cells were attracted to regions of maximum stray field flux density while the HEK 293 cells settled in random positions. When the mixture was passed through a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channel containing integrated micromagnets, the labeled Jurkat cells were selectively trapped under fluid flow, while the HEK cells were eluted towards the device outlet. Increasing the flow rate produced a second eluate much enriched in Jurkat cells, as revealed by flow cytometry. The separation efficiency of this biocompatible, compact micro-fluidic separation chamber was compared with that obtained using two commercial magnetic cell separation kits.     

Contactless microfluidic pumping using microchannel-integrated carbon black composite membranes

The ability to pump and manipulate fluid at the micron-scale is a basic requirement for microfluidic platforms. Many current manipulation methods, however, require expensive and bulky external supporting equipment, which are not typically compatible for portable applications. We have developed a contactless metal electro-osmotic micropump capable of pumping conductive buffers. The pump operates using two pairs of gallium metal electrodes, which are activated using an external voltage source and separated from a main flow channel by a thin micron-scale polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane. The thin contactless membrane allows for field penetration and electro-osmotic flow within the microchannel, but eliminates electrode damage and sample contamination commonly associated with traditional DC electro-osmotic pumps that utilize electrodes in direct contact with the working fluid. Our previous work has demonstrated the effectiveness of this method in pumping deionized water. However, due to the high resistivity of PDMS, this method proved difficult to apply towards manipulating conductive buffers. To overcome this limitation, we fabricated conductive carbon black (CB) powder directly into the contactless PDMS membranes. The increased electrical conductivity of the contactless PDMS membrane significantly increased micropump performance. Using a microfluidic T-channel device and an electro-osmotic flow model, we determined the influence that CB has on pump pressure for CB weight percents varying between 0 and 20. The results demonstrate that the CB increases pump pressure by two orders of magnitude and enables effective operations with conductive buffers.     

Production rate and diameter analysis of spherical monodisperse microbubbles from two-dimensional,expanding-nozzle flow-focusing microfluidic devices

Flow-focusing microfluidic devices (FFMDs) can produce microbubbles (MBs) with precisely controlled diameters and a narrow size distribution. In this paper, poly-dimethyl-siloxane based, rectangular-nozzle, two-dimensional (2-D) planar, expanding-nozzle FFMDs were characterized using a high speed camera to determine the production rate and diameter of Tween 20 (2% v/v) stabilized MBs. The effect of gas pressure and liquid flow rate on MB production rate and diameter was analyzed in order to develop a relationship between FFMD input parameters and MB production. MB generation was observed to transition through five regimes at a constant gas pressure and increasing liquid flow rate. Each MB generation event (i.e., break-off to break-off) was further separated into two characteristic phases: bubbling and waiting. The duration of the bubbling phase was linearly related to the liquid flow rate, while the duration of the waiting phase was related to both liquid flow rate and gas pressure. The MB production rate was found to be inversely proportional to the sum of the bubbling and waiting times, while the diameter was found to be proportional to the product of the gas pressure and bubbling time.     

Active digital spoof plasmonics

Digital coding and digital modulation are the foundation of modern information science. The combination of digital technology with metamaterials provides a powerful scheme for spatial and temporal controls of electromagnetic waves. Such a technique, however, has thus far been limited to the control of free-space light. Its application to plasmonics to shape subwavelength fields still remains elusive. Here, we report the design and experimental realization of a tunable conformal plasmonic metasurface, which is capable of digitally coding and modulating designer surface plasmons at the deep-subwavelength scale. Based on dynamical switching between two discrete dispersion states in a controlled manner, we achieve digital modulations of both amplitude and phase of surface waves with nearly 100% modulation depth on a single device. Our study not only introduces a new approach for active dispersion engineering, but also constitutes an important step towards the realization of subwavelength integrated plasmonic circuits.     

Flow distribution in parallel microfluidic networks and its effect on concentration gradient

The architecture of microfluidic networks can significantly impact the flow distribution within its different branches and thereby influence tracer transport within the network. In this paper, we study the flow rate distribution within a network of parallel microfluidic channels with a single input and single output, using a combination of theoretical modeling and microfluidic experiments. Within the ladder network, the flow rate distribution follows a U-shaped profile, with the highest flow rate occurring in the initial and final branches. The contrast with the central branches is controlled by a single dimensionless parameter, namely, the ratio of hydrodynamic resistance between the distribution channel and the side branches. This contrast in flow rates decreases when the resistance of the side branches increases relative to the resistance of the distribution channel. When the inlet flow is composed of two parallel streams, one of which transporting a diffusing species, a concentration variation is produced within the side branches of the network. The shape of this concentration gradient is fully determined by two dimensionless parameters: the ratio of resistances, which determines the flow rate distribution, and the Péclet number, which characterizes the relative speed of diffusion and advection. Depending on the values of these two control parameters, different distribution profiles can be obtained ranging from a flat profile to a step distribution of solute, with well-distributed gradients between these two limits. Our experimental results are in agreement with our numerical model predictions, based on a simplified 2D advection-diffusion problem. Finally, two possible applications of this work are presented: the first one combines the present design with self-digitization principle to encapsulate the controlled concentration in nanoliter chambers, while the second one extends the present design to create a continuous concentration gradient within an open flow chamber.     

大牛地气田一点法求产计算无阻流量准确性分析

气井一点法试井工艺技术简单,施工成本低,施工周期短,已广泛应用于大牛地气田气井产能预测和评价,一点法试井只要求测取稳定的地层压力、一个工作制度下的稳定流压,但一点法对资料的分析带有一定的经验性和统计性,分析误差较大。特别是大牛地气田属于低渗透气藏,压力恢复缓慢,所测的地层静压值偏低,求产开井3天以上多数井测取不到稳定的流压,所取流压值偏高,计算的无阻流量均偏高。因而根据一点法所得到的产能方程来预测地层产能往往偏大,经验统计表明,开井时间越长,所求的无阻流量越低。     

Optofluidic membrane interferometer: An imaging method for measuring microfluidic pressure and flow rate simultaneously on a chip

We present a novel image-based method to measure the on-chip microfluidic pressure and flow rate simultaneously by using the integrated optofluidic membrane interferometers (OMIs). The device was constructed with two layers of structured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on a glass substrate by multilayer soft lithography. The OMI consists of a flexible air-gap optical cavity which upon illumination by monochromatic light generates interference patterns that depends on the pressure. These interference patterns were captured with a microscope and analyzed by computer based on a pattern recognition algorithm. Compared with the previous techniques for pressure sensing, this method offers several advantages including low cost, simple fabrication, large dynamic range, and high sensitivity. For pressure sensing, we demonstrate a dynamic range of 0-10 psi with an accuracy of ±2% of full scale. Since multiple OMIs can be integrated into a single chip for detecting pressures at multiple locations simultaneously, we also demonstrated a microfluidic flow sensing by measuring the differential pressure along a channel. Thanks to the simple fabrication that is compatible with normal microfluidics, such OMIs can be easily integrated into other microfluidic systems for in situ fluid monitoring.     

带冷气掺混的涡轮级三元流场分析

航空发动机向大幅度提高推重比和降低油耗的方向发展。涡轮进口温度在不断的提高。随着叶片热负荷的加大,冷却用气量也不断加大,最多已占到涡轮进口流量的 2 0 %左右。冷却气的喷射对高压涡轮级的三元流场会产生不可忽略的影响。在多叶片排三元N S方程并行解的基础上,采用冷却气射流源项模型,研究了某带冷气掺混的高压涡轮级的流场和温度场分布特点     

黄土高原乡村“人水土”系统协同与机制

快速工业化、城镇化和现代化使得乡村地域系统面临的压力愈加突出,对乡村人地关系及资源组合状况的研究,是面向乡村振兴战略,实现乡村地域协调与高质量发展的科学基础。基于2000—2018年黄土高原313个县级行政单元数据,在构建乡村“人水土”系统指标体系的基础上,采用熵权TOPSIS法、空间自相关模型、GWR模型等方法研究3个子系统的时空分异规律,识别系统间的协同关系及其主要类型,揭示系统协同演化驱动机制。结果表明：①黄土高原乡村人类活动强度指数和水资源指数空间分布格局具有一致性,与土地资源指数空间错位显著,3个子系统指数均以较低水平等级为主,县域间不平衡性突出,但有减弱趋势。②黄土高原乡村系统协同关系类型以双维度制约型为主,研究时段内该类型县域数量呈倒U型变化特征,综合协调型县区数量逐渐增多,说明乡村逐步向高水平协调方向发展。③系统协调发展受自然及社会经济要素形成的资源分布与组合、流动与分配、资源需求利用及人口流动转移四元驱动机制所影响,不同要素对系统权衡强度和协调状态的作用不同。本文对优化乡村地域水土资源配置,促进乡村“人水土”系统协调演进有一定的借鉴意义。     

Nonlinear servocompensator for fault-tolerant control of a wave energy converter

This paper addresses the problem of controlling a wave energy converter (WEC) susceptible to faults in its braking subsystems, characterized through nonlinear damping. By considering the necessity of robust trajectory tracking related to the sea waves for maximizing the converted energy, one aims to preserve such a trajectory in the presence of faults to avoid physical damage in the structure of the WEC. To achieve this objective, this paper proposes a fault-tolerant control (FTC) that combines two systems: (i) a novel nonlinear servocompensator (NSC) and (ii) a fault diagnosis subsystem (FD). The NSC is based on a variable structure control that generalizes the internal model principle for robust tracking. The reference signal is computed from real-time measurements of the irregular sea waves. The FD subsystem estimates the faults related to the wear of the brakes via an unknown input observer. Due to its independent performance from the FD, the global scheme can be considered as a passive FTC. By considering the faulty model of a WEC based on the Archimedes wave swing prototype, theoretical formulation and the convergence proof are given for the NSC and the FD. The performance of the proposed design is verified with numerical simulations of the WEC with the incidence of irregular sea waves under different fault scenarios in the upper and lower brakes.     

城市体系中创新扩散的空间特征研究

城市在专业化与多样性、人力资本积累、创新网络形成等方面的优势,有利于创新的产生;城市体系中城市间的位势差与完善的基础设施为创新扩散创造良好条件,加快创新扩散。城市间的创新扩散流强度随距离呈负指数衰减,且受城市规模影响,创新扩散模式可由威尔逊模型的摩擦系数加以识别。城市创新流强度模型的实证分析显示,长三角城市的创新流强度呈等级分布,与城市规模等级高度正相关;空间摩擦系数的模拟分析发现,国美连锁店在长三角城市间的扩张主要呈等级扩散模式,兼具传染扩散特征。