中国核电实现商业化发展的成本及政策建议

本文介绍了中国电力需求形势和核电的建设成就,分析了负荷因子、项目运行寿期、建设成本和利率变动对核电成本变动影响,讨论了核电商业化发展的有利因素。接着计算了核电实现商业化需要投入的总社会费用和需要达到的累积装机容量。最后,就如何促进中国核电商业化发展在财政税收政策、技术引进和创新政策及体制改革方面提出了建议。     

不同轮作模式下设施菜地土壤和蔬菜中砷汞镉铬铅的分布特征

以沈阳市大民屯镇蔬菜生产示范基地为平台,进行为期一年的设施蔬菜轮作试验,结果表明:该地区土壤和蔬菜中的As、Hg、Cr、Pb含量均处在安全范围;Cd由于输入量较大,在土壤表层呈现富集状况,直接增加了该地区重金属污染风险.菠菜-西红柿-芸豆轮作模式可在一定程度上减小土壤中Cd含量,降低土壤综合污染指数.菠菜体内Cd含量超标,不宜在该地区种植.建议将轮作模式改为油麦菜(或油菜)-西红柿-芸豆.     

Lipid Parameters, Doses and Blood Levels of Calcineurin Inhibitors in Renal Transplant Patients

The calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) [cyclosporin A (CsA) and tacrolimus (Tac)] are currently the most widely prescribed drugs for maintenance of immunosuppression after renal transplantation. These immunosuppressants are associated with side effects such as hyperlipidemia. We evaluated the differential effects of different CNIs on serum lipid parameters in renal transplant patients. Moreover, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between doses and blood levels of CNIs, and blood levels of CNIs and lipid parameters retrospectively. Two groups of 98 non-diabetic renal transplant patients, each treated with different CNIs, were studied: group A (n = 50, mean age: 31 ± 10 years), CsA, mycophenolate mofetil/azathioprin, steroid; group B (I = 48, mean age: 34 ± 12 years), Tac, mycophenolate mofetil/azathioprin, steroid. In renal transplant patients, CNIs blood levels and doses were examined at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after transplantation. Biochemical laboratory parameters including plasma lipids [total-cholesterol (CHOL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)–CHOL, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)–CHOL, and triglycerides (TG)], CNI levels and doses were examined at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after transplantation. None of the patients received anti-lipidemic drugs during the study period. Blood levels of CNIs were detectable in all whole-blood samples by Cloned- Enzyme-Donor Immunoassay (CEDIA). The relationship between CNIs blood levels and CHOL, (LDL)–CHOL, HDL–CHOL, TG were evaluated. The mean serum CHOL levels and LDL–CHOL levels of patients in group A were found significantly higher than the patients in group B during the 12 month of follow up (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in TG and HDL–CHOL plasma levels between group A and group B (p > 0.005). In group A the daily dose of CsA was significantly correlated with the mean blood levels of CsA at the 1st and 3rd months (r = 0.387, p = 0.005; r = 0.386, p = 0.006), respectively. In group A, the daily dose of CsA was significantly correlated with the mean serum TG levels during the 12 month of follow up (r = 0.420, p = 0.003). In group B, the daily dose of Tac was significantly correlated with the mean blood level of Tac (r = 0.335, p = 0.020) at the 1st month. No correlation was found between mean Tac blood levels and lipid parameters during the 12-month of follow up (p > 0.05). Significant positive correlation was observed between the CsA blood levels and LDL–CHOL levels (r = 0.338, p = 0.027) at the 3rd month. In the renal transplant patients with well functioning grafts, CsA therapy is associated with increased CHOL and LDL–CHOL ratio which represents an increased atherogenic risk tended to be associated with CsA. Serum LDL–CHOL levels may be effected by blood CsA levels.     

Assessement of Blood Lead and Cadmium Levels in Occupationally Exposed Workers of Jodhpur,Rajasthan

In spite of the established knowledge regarding their toxicities, occupational exposure to heavy metals like lead and cadmium still continues because of their wide distribution in environment. Due to lack of awareness, most of the workers usually eat, smoke, drink at their workplace which may aggravate the metal exposure. The present study was planned to assess the blood levels of lead and cadmium in occupationally exposed workers of Jodhpur (India). A total of 110 individuals working in different industrial set ups (furniture, metal handicraft, welders) of Jodhpur district (exposed group), aged between 20 and 60 years and 97 apparently healthy people (controls) with no history of occupational heavy metal exposure aged between 25 and 60 were recruited. Details of personal habits and demographics were recorded by means of self-developed questionnaire. 5 ml of whole blood was drawn from every individual. Metal levels were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was done using GraphPad Prism Software. Results showed that Blood Lead Level and Blood Cadmium Level (CdB) were significantly higher in the exposed group as compared to the non-exposed group. Significant age and gender-based differences were found in terms of blood cadmium levels but no such difference was observed in case of blood lead. The study also revealed that higher blood levels of these metals in workers are influenced by their occupational practices, lack of protection against workplace environment pollutants, thus increasing their susceptibility to metal toxicity.     

对五种科学学与科技管理类期刊引文分析及评价

通过对五种科学学与科技管理类期刊1999年载文的引言统计,初步给出了该类期刊在引文方面的一些特点,并提出了加强引文工作的建议。     

高校产学研合作中的若干问题及思考

通过对高校产学研合作的现状进行分析,指出了当前高校产学研合作中存在的问题。通过分析研究,提出了相应对策。     

Studies on serum amylases in carcinoma of liver,biliary tract and pancreas

Total amylase activity, its isoenzymes and pancreatic to salivary ratio were studied in 33 healthy subjects and 52 patients with hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies of which 12 were with hepatocellular carcinoma, 12 with liver metastases, 9 with carcinoma of gall bladder, 6 with obstructive jaundice, 7 with periampullary carcinoma and 6 cases with carcinoma of pancreas. Total amylase was found to be elevated in carcinoma of pancreas and periampullary carcinoma compared to normal whereas in obstructive jaundice the values were decreased significantly (p<0.001). P (Pancreatic) fraction was found to be elevated significantly in all except in carcinoma of pancreas and obstructive jaundice. S (Salivary) fraction was decreased significantly in all except in carcinoma of pancreas. P/S ratio was elevated in hepatocellular carcinoma, obstructive jaundice, metastatic liver disease, gall bladder carcinoma and periampullary carcinoma (p<0.001) but in carcinoma of pancreas P/S ratio was low as compared to normal. This simple test of total serum amylase, P fraction and S fraction, P/S ratio can be utilised in differentiating various hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies.     

我国小麦族的形态演化与分类、分布的研究

本文以演化形态为基础，结合地理分布和生境条件，研究了中国小麦族的分类和属   间的亲缘关系。 小麦族的穗状花序可认为由雀麦族的圆锥花序和短柄草族的总状花序演化而来，演化路 线可归纳为：1．圆锥花序的各级花序柄缩短直接形成圆锥穗状花序，具不定数小穗或假单生小穗，其颖与外稃的中线及小穗轴不在同一面上。2．圆锥花序简化为总状花序后小穗柄再缩短，形成简单穗状花序，具真单生小穗，其颖、稃的中线与小穗轴处于同一面上。 3．聚伞圆锥花序简缩为聚伞穗状花序，具三联小穗，其居中小穗的颖位于外稃的背面，侧小穗的颖位于外稃 的侧面。据此，根据小麦族颖、外稃的形态和其它性状、生境、分布，国产的和引种的小麦族植物可分为13个属(赖草属、披碱草属、鹅观草属、偃麦草属、山羊草属、小麦属、冰草属、旱麦草属、黑麦属、簇毛麦属、新麦草属、大麦属和猬草属)，本文主要讨论了它们之间的亲缘关系。     

中日韩教师教育课程设置比较

本文对中国、日本、韩国三国的教师教育培养目标进行了分析,根据三国的教师教育培养目标分别介绍了三国的职前的教师教育课程体系与职后的教师教育课程体系,并对其进行比较,从而获得对中国教师教育课程设置的启示.     

高校本科生科研的意义、现状与措施

从教学过程、人才培养、科研成果三个角度阐述了本科生科研的意义,并对我国目前高校本科生科研情况作了调查与分析,在此基础上,提出了本列生科研的保障措施。     

短柄五加种子结构、后熟作用及其细胞化学研究

短柄五加Eleutherococcus brachypus Harms种子为扁肾形,种皮由一层细胞构成。种子脱落时,胚 为心形胚期,胚周围的胚乳细胞解体形成液样囊腔,并包裹胚,胚细胞中存在较多蛋白质,胚乳细胞贮 存大量蛋白质颗粒和脂类,但两者均未见多糖颗粒。有萌发潜能的种子只占全部种子的9.27％。在试 验地种植条件下饱满种子经18～19个月后萌发,出苗率为1．67％,该过程细胞化学特点是胚细胞中蛋 白质含量逐渐减少,并逐渐积累少量多糖颗粒。种子经变温层积处理6个月即可完成后熟过程,其细胞 化学特点是胚细胞中蛋白质含量逐渐减少,但在心形胚后期即已积累大量多糖颗粒,并一直保持至胚 完全发育成熟。经比较短柄五加与刺五加的种子结构、后熟作用及其细胞化学特点,认为短柄五加种子质量差、自然状态下后熟时间长和出苗率低是短柄五加致濒的重要生殖因素,并提出了相应保护方法。     

Sequential Serum Cytokine Levels of TNF-Alpha,IL-4 and IL-12 are Associated with Prognosis in Plasmodium falciparum Malaria

We investigated the prognostic role of TNF-alpha, IL-4 and IL-12 in a clinically well defined group of Plasmodium falciparum infected patients (n = 32) sequentially from Day 0 to Day 10 with a 2 day interval along with a control group of 16 healthy volunteers of same range of age and sex. Infection with malaria is often fatal because mitochondria are unable to generate enough ATP to maintain normal cellular function. ATP deficiency arises in malaria due to an inability of mitochondria through the effects of inflammatory cytokines on their function, to utilize available oxygen. In our study TNF-alpha and IL-12 levels were significantly elevated but IL-4 level showed persistent decline in Day 0, but subsequent measurement in Day 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 showed persistent decline in levels of TNF-alpha and IL-12, an elevation in IL-4 levels which were associated with disease prognosis of the infected patients. These results again provide evidence that cytokines are very much a dominant partner in malaria pathogenesis with a specific prognostic role.     

Evaluation of Flow Rate,pH, Buffering Capacity,Calcium, Total Proteins and Total Antioxidant Capacity Levels of Saliva in Caries Free and Caries Active Children: An In Vivo Study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the physicochemical properties of saliva such as flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, calcium level, total protein and total antioxidant levels in caries free and caries active children. The present study included one hundred and twenty healthy children who were divided into two groups; group I and group II comprising of age groups 7–10 and 11–14 years, respectively. Both the groups were then sub-divided equally according to gender. They were further divided into caries free and caries active with 15 children in each group. Unstimulated saliva was collected by suction method and flow rates were determined. The samples were then analyzed for pH, buffering capacity, total protein, calcium and total antioxidant capacity. The data was statistically analyzed using student t test (unpaired). The results revealed that when all these parameters were compared among the caries free and caries active children, flow rate, pH, buffering capacity were slightly reduced in caries active children, but total protein and total antioxidant capacity of saliva increased significantly in caries active children and the total calcium decreased significantly in caries active children. Within the limitation of this study, we conclude that, the physicochemical properties of saliva play a major role in the development of caries.     

中日韩制造业在全球价值链的地位和分工程度比较分析

本文利用世界投入产出表数据,测算了中日韩三国制造业的贸易增加值和结构,并比较分析了三国制造业在全球价值链的地位和分工程度。研究表明:中国制造业在全球价值链中的地位不断提升,韩国趋于稳定,日本下降趋势明显。中国中低和中高技术制造业在价值链中上游位置,高技术制造业参与价值链分工程度较高,但位置低于韩国和日本。日本各技术水平制造业都在价值链的中上游位置,但都有下降趋势。韩国各技术水平制造业参与价值链分工程度最高。出口中间产品的国外价值比重增加是中日韩三国全球参与价值链分工程度加深的重要原因。     

东莞产业集群实施知识管理战略的模式选择以及对策

分析东莞产业集群实施知识管理战略的必然性,论证东莞产业集群如何选择知识管理战略模式,提出东莞产业集群实施知识管理战略的具体措施和对策。     

我国科技政策学研究态势及国际比较

本文采用科学计量学方法,以科技论文和资助项目为主要资料,对2011年以来国际上发表的科技政策研究论文、以及美国SciSIP计划、日本SciREX计划和中国国家自然科学基金委员会管理科学部“科技管理与政策”相关的规划布局和资助项目进行定量和定性综合分析,揭示国际和我国科技政策学的研究态势。美国科技政策“学”强调“科学基础”,主要侧重于服务政府部门的科技政策制定和政策过程的科学化;日本则倾向“学科建设”,包括国家重要政策议题的专题研究（任务导向研究）,针对科技政策学术共同体的课题资助（自由申请研究）,机构设置与人才培养,以及数据基础设施建设。发展我国的科技政策学,建议同时借鉴日本学科建设的思路以及美国协调各政府部门政策过程的思路;建议加强社会科学与自然科学的跨学科融合研究,考虑设置“科技政策研究”专项资助渠道与多元资助机制;建议将数据基础设施建设作为一项基础性、战略性任务;建议建立政策研究界和决策者之间的建制性交流研讨机制等。     

科技期刊学术不良行为认知与管控研究——基于作者、编辑和审稿专家的问卷调查分析

【目的】 分析学术不良的行为表现、原因及责任主体,并提出管控措施。【方法】 论文以作者、编辑和审稿专家为调查对象,围绕科技期刊学术不良行为总体态度和认知、学术不良行为表现认知和学术不良行为产生的原因及主要责任主体认知三个问题,对科技期刊学术不良行为进行调查研究。【结果】 科技期刊学术不良行为已引起广泛关注,作者、编辑和审稿专家均持抵制态度;对科技期刊学术不良行为表现的认知局限于学术腐败、学术道德和学术规范层面,而对学术评价体系和价值导向层面关注不够;科技期刊学术不良行为产生的原因是多元的,以往多关注作者、编辑和审稿专家方面的主观行为,忽视了学术评价标准及价值导向等客观方面的不足,导致科技期刊作者发文目的偏差;从学术不良行为责任主体来看,作者本人、大学和科研机构评价体制以及学术监管部门的客观责任主体比直接参与的编辑和审稿专家的主体责任更大。【结论】 应从价值观塑造、评估体系优化、行为监管加强、学术素养培养等方面进行综合管控和防范,以杜绝科技期刊学术不良行为发生。