论西欧中世纪城市与封建主的经济关系

西欧中世纪城市兴建于教俗封建主的领地上，封建主为了满足自身的经济需要支持城市兴建，城市的建立与发展又需求封建主的保护，双方存在着相互依存的经济关系。随着城市经济的发展和资本主义生产关系的出现，双方在经济上的合作关系逐步转变为矛盾对立的经济关系。     

高校保卫工作与大学生素质教育

高校要努力将大学生培养成为具有创新意识的实践能力的高素质人才,就应对大学生进行素质教育。高校保卫工作即是素质教育的护卫者,又是素质教育的参与者,因此高校保卫工作者必须更新观念,强化思想政治教育、科学文化教育,努力学习勤奋工作,为高校培养素质高,综合能力强的人才发挥积极的作用。     

Education and poverty in Western Europe

Conclusions Educationists in Europe have an established tradition of exploring educational disadvantage from a socio-cultural perspective, as indicated by the focus on social justice in education. Their concerns have been with relatively small-scale phenomena: the context in which particular disadvantaged groups are educated, leading to specific recommendations for local areas. Policy-makers, in contrast, are concerned with combating social exclusion at the national or Europe-wide level, primarily as a means of reducing unemployment and social unrest. The initiatives they set in motion necessarily take a wider perspective and pay little heed to diverse needs, aspirations and goals among the socially excluded. There is a need for European educationalists to increase their own awareness of the European context—not simply the national context—in which they work. They need also to develop perspectives on major European initiatives to combat social exclusion, the effects of which will remain otherwise unexplored by a community of educationalists with a history of interest in and commitment to challenging educational disadvantage. Original language: English Joanna McPake (United Kingdom) At present, Deputy Director of the Scottish Centre for Information on Language Teaching and Research, University of Stirling. Formerly, Senior Researcher and Programme Manager, Scottish Council for Research in Education. Her principal research focus is on aspects of teaching and learning in school. Since 1996 she has been (with Ghazala Bhatti) co-ordinator of the Social Justice and Intercultural Education Network of the European Educational Research Association. Recent publications include: ‘A mirror to ourselves? The educational experiences of Japanese children at school in the UK’ (with J. Powney, 1998); andEducation of minority ethnic groups in Scotland (with J. Powney, S. Hall and L. Lyall, 1998). Ghazala Bhatti (United Kingdom) Ph.D. Director, Modular Master's Degree on ‘Equity and change in the public services’, University of Reading. Formerly, a primary and secondary school teacher. Her current professional interests in the field of education concern ethnicity, gender and social justice. She is the joint convenor (with Joanna McPake) of the Social Justice and Intercultural Education Network of EERA. Recent publications include:Asian children at home and at school: an ethnographic study (1999) andA journey into the unknown: an ethnographic study of Asian children (1995). This article consists of reflections on recent research presented at the European Conference on Educational Research by the joint co-ordinators of the Social Justice and Intercultural Education network of the European Educational Research Association.     

Recruiting and supporting low-income,high-achieving students at flagship universities

We study an intervention designed to overcome multiple hurdles faced by low-income, high-ability college students to determine if and how it affects students’ long-term outcomes. UT-Austin’s Longhorn Opportunity Scholars (LOS) program recruited at impoverished high schools and provided scholarships and enhanced support services to students who enrolled. We use administrative records for Texas public college students and find that LOS had large, positive effects on enrollment in and graduation from UT-Austin, masters’ degree enrollment, and earnings. In particular, our results suggest that high achieving college attendees who went to a targeted high school saw UT-Austin enrollment increase by 71% and earnings 12 years after high school increase by 4.6% (an 82% increase among attendees). A somewhat similar program at Texas A&M called the Century Scholars Program had no effect on enrollment, but other contemporaneous enrollment shifts limit our analysis of other outcomes. The LOS results suggest that well designed, targeted recruitment programs with adequate supports can improve long-run outcomes for low-income students.     

China's universities and Western academic models

China's Cultural Revolution began in the universities where Mao was able to gain strong support for his vision of radical societal transformation by a focus on two issues: the need to uproot persisting traditional values and patterns, summed up under the four olds, and a call to shatter the shackles of all foreign dogmas which was clearly directed at prominent Soviet influences in Chinese higher education. This essay briefly summarizes the main characteristics of China's traditional scholarly institutions, then considers the western academic models introduced by foreign missionaries, those selected and implemented by Chinese modernizers and finally the Soviet academic model adopted by Chinese Communist leaders in the fifties. The historical lessons drawn from this overview provide a context for some critical reflection on the ways in which western academic models are once again affecting reforms underway in Chinese higher education since 1978.     

Economic student group populations in universities

Economic student group sizes in universities are analysed from a consideration of student/staff ratios and departmental recurrent cost per student variations. The analysis is largely derived from a departmental total staff analytical model. It shows that there can be considerable diseconomies for small student populations and emphasises the need for economic populations at programmes of study and department level.     

Those who can, teach: addressing the crisis in mathematics in UK schools and universities

The crisis in UK mathematics education, both in schools and universities, has been widely reported in the national media. A recent study shows that 26% of full-time mathematics teachers in UK schools have no qualification in the subject, and that 31% of all UK schools' mathematics teachers are now over the age of 50. The crisis in school mathematics has impacted on much of the university sector, with some departments under threat of closure and widespread difficulties experienced in student recruitment. The availability of attractive careers for mathematics graduates impacts upon the numbers choosing to enter teaching, thus risking a spiral of decline. Furthermore, studies suggest that UK mathematics graduates often lack confidence in several key skills essential for teaching, such as presenting information effectively, working in teams, and written communication. This paper recounts the development of a unit of study in the Faculty of Mathematical Studies at the University of Southampton, England, in conjunction with a new initiative, the Undergraduate Ambassadors Scheme, which seek to address the crisis in UK mathematics education through the training and placement of final year undergraduates as teaching assistants in local schools. This with a view to promoting mathematics to the broadest possible constituency as a university choice, whilst simultaneously developing those key transferable skills in which undergraduates regularly feel least confident, and allowing undergraduates to experience a flavour of teaching as a career option.     

Allocation of students in North African universities

In recent years, student bodies at public universities in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia have grown rapidly, outside the direct control of university authorities. But although entry to higher education remains open to all who pass the baccalauréat examination, the prospect of continued expansion has led to reevaluations of how universities are to serve society by producing trained professionals. Government officials, school authorities, and the public have focussed attention on the entry point as a crucial moment for maintaining educational standards within universities and other higher institutes and for determining the social and economic outcomes of higher education. In this article initial attention is given to how the three North African nations differ in their policies regulating which students may study which subjects. This is followed by a discussion of the implications of these policies for the goals higher education is ostensibly meant to serve.This article is based on field research in North Africa. I am indebted to the Spencer Foundation for their support of my study.     

略论过渡时期的西欧家庭

过渡时期西欧存在四种家庭类型并出现家庭规模由大变小的趋势,影响家庭类型变化的因素包括生产力、封建传统、财产继承制和家仆现象诸种;这一时期人们的家族观念明显淡薄,家庭观念则产生并迅速增强,其原因有社会经济的、政治的、宗教的多方面;过渡时期的西欧家庭在亲情方面并未发生明显变化,因为社会文化背景、家庭职能、父权制以及低劣的物质生活条件和卫生保健条件均不利于亲情增进。     

构建大学师生良好的人际关系

建立良好的师生关系有利激发学生的学习积极性和知识的获取,但当前大学师生关系显得疏远与冷漠。因此,在大学中构建平等对话的师生关系,朋友式的师生关系,以及实行"导师制"是非常有利于构建大学师生和谐的人际关系。     

自主式教育与高校学生工作

高校学生工作要努力确立以学生的自主教育和自我教育为主的“自主式”教育和管理模式。因为这种新的教育模式确认了学生在学校教育中应有的主体性地位，充分体现了教育活动所必须遵循的原则和规律。要正确认识坚持学生自主教育、自我教育与加强对学生的正面教育和严格管理的关系，并注意在工作实践中处理好相关的矛盾和问题。