情报的作用

英国情报学家B·C·Brooks在他的著名论文《情报学的基础》中给出了一个引人注目的情报作用“基本方程式”。这个“方程”简洁明了,使我们对于情报与知识的关系一目了然。这个“方程”就是:K(S]+△I=K[S+△S] △I为吸收的情报,K[S]为原知识结构,K[S+△S]为新改进的结构形式,△S为改进效果。这个方程既适合解释单个人的吸收情报后其知识结构的改变情况,又可解释科学的进程。正如作者所阐述的,“情报被吸收进知识结构后,它所引起的不是简单的相加,而是将对知识结构进行某些调节。……在科学中,由于情报的增加,有时     

情报用户知识结构的认知视角分析--布鲁克斯方程式的进一步探讨

介绍了认知心理学图式学说的几个古念,如同化、顺应、平衡、自我调节,并从认知的独特视角对影响情报需求、吸收的关键因素——知识结构进行了分析。     

谈新形势下高等学校情报教育

针对高校情报教育的现状及存在的问题,提出了发展高校情报教育的一些措施,指出了情报教育有助于教育质量的提高,对人们不断吸收新知识,改善知识结构都具有重要意义。     

从布鲁克斯方程看社会资本积累

文章从认知心理学角度出发,用布鲁克斯认知方程阐述了认知主体吸收新情报而改变其原有知识结构的理论过程.并将其理论引入到社会个体在进行人际交往过程中社会资本积累理论研究上,提出社会资本积累模型并获得相关性支持.     

知识方程与情报决策

探讨了知识方程与情报决策之间的联系。概述信息与知识之间的区别与联系,从综合和演绎两种基本的知识增长途径详细描述知识方程。讨论了情报在决策中的角色,从知识方程与情报决策的联系出发,说明情报决策过程包含了知识结构变化的过程。     

知识管理中认知结构及其转变过程的探究

认知主体的认知结构及其改变是知识管理过程中的关键性问题。从认知科学、认知结构的概念、构成要素及其特点、知识的认知结构、认知结构对知识接受的影响、图式学说与情报用户知识结构等不同角度来探究知识管理中的认知结构问题。     

面向科技创新前沿的数智情报方法体系研究

[目的/意义]对科技创新前沿的掌握和占领是在国家竞争中取得胜利的关键。[方法/过程]文章吸收借鉴已有情报方法体系中“依层次”“依过程”和“依对象”的经典建构思路,面向科技创新前沿的两大重点情报任务,探索数智技术在科技情报研究中的赋能方式,构建面向科技创新前沿的数智情报方法体系框架。[结果/结论]该方法体系由基础型的情报流程通用方法、集成型的情报任务专用方法和驱动型的情报数智赋能方法构成。其中,情报数智赋能方法描述了数智技术的赋能方式,包括赋能情报思维的“选择式”,赋能情报流程的“嵌入式”和赋能情报任务的“融合式”。     

认知结构在知识管理中的转变

认知主体的认知结构及其改变是知识管理过程中的关键性问题，因此，本文从认知科学、认知结构的概念、构成要素及其特点、知识的认知结构、认知结构对知识接受的影响、图式学说与情报用户知识结构等不同角度来探究知识管理中的认知结构问题。     

试论情报市场竞争

本文在对情报市场、情报市场竞争的含义进行分析的基础上,提出情报市场竞争具有平衡、控制、奖惩3大功能。并对情报市场竞争的条件、形式作了初步论述,认为情报市场竞争的必然结果是将出现情报垄断性过程和垄断性组织——情报集团。为了强化市场竞争机制对情报工作的正常调节,文章最后认为繁荣情报市场竞争的措施是完善情报市场竞争的结构。     

论情报吸收过程

讨论了用户情报吸收过程的意义和现状；通过分析研究，提出了情报吸收过程就是用户对情报信息所含知识内涵的同化和异化过程的观点，并对布鲁克斯的情报与知识关系作了相应的修正。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.