提高特殊儿童随班就读教育质量的途径与方法

特殊儿童随班就读是我国特殊教育发展过程中的一种教育模式的创新。同时我国特殊教育在发展过程中形成了以“充分发挥特殊学校的骨干作用，以大量的随班就读和普通学校附设特教班为主体，以特殊教育学校为骨干”的发展格局。。随班就读”的基本思路是：将适合的残疾学生有目的有计划地安排在普通中小学正常班级中接受教育，让特殊儿童与正常学生共同学习和生活。因此，它对特殊学生的双向交流，起着积极的推动作用，使其德智体美劳全面发展，缺陷得到补偿。     

特殊教育资源中心建设大有可为

经过多年努力,我国已基本形成以特殊教育学校为骨干,以普通学校随班就读和附设特教班为主体,以送教上门和家庭、社区教育为补充的特殊教育发展格局。随着特殊儿童教育安置模式的变革,特殊教育学校也开始增加一个新职能--为本区域普通学校特殊儿童随班就读教学、辅导、咨询、研究等工作提供有力的支持与保障,确保特殊教育儿童随班就读工作正常、有序发展。     

专业化特殊教育的实践路径——以兰州市城关区为例

特殊教育指导中心,对整合特殊教育资源、推进特殊教育改革发展、提升特殊教育办学水平,具有重要作用。文章主要研究兰州市城关区特殊教育指导中心,推进特殊教育工作的指导路径。研究结果表明,建立健全工作机制、加强特殊教育学校和随班就读学校特殊教育资源整合,形成以特殊教育学校为骨干、以融合教育为主体、以“送教上门”为补充的特殊教育新格局,是提高特殊教育工作整体水平的有效举措。     

融合教育理念下的特殊教育财政:历史、现状及未来

我国已经形成以“随班就读和附设特教班为主体,以特殊教育学校为骨干”的中国特色的融合教育,但是却并没有形成支持融合教育发展的财政保障机制.在介绍我国特殊教育财政实践的基本情况后,基于国外案例的分析,构建了一个简单的特殊教育财政分析框架,并在这一分析框架下重新审视了我国当前的特殊教育拨款机制与融合教育理念之间的矛盾.实践中,瞄准特殊教育学校的任务拨款机制促使一大批特殊教育学校的新建和办学条件的改善,但是缺乏对类别、强度的考量,造成了特殊教育学校在招收高成本特殊需要儿童时的回避倾向,部分特殊需要儿童因种种理由被拒绝在特殊教育学校之外.建立基于学生特殊需要类别和强度而非安显方式、以需求为导向的拨款机制,对于落实融合教育理念有着重要意义.     

加强管理促进特殊教育健康稳定发展

特殊教育是现代教育的一个重要组成部分,特殊教育的目的和任务就是最大限度地满足社会的要求和特殊儿童的教育需要,发展他们的潜能,增加社会适应能力,成为对社会有用的人.我们江苏省吴江市政府、市教育局非常重视特殊教育,特殊教育事业稳步发展,现代化水平迅速提高,基本形成以特殊教育学校为骨干,以大量的随班就读为主体的特殊教育网络体系.     

以特教园区建设为龙头带动特殊教育健康发展

近年来,我们潍坊市高度重视特殊教育发展,把市级特教园区建设作为推动全市特殊教育事业发展的龙头工程来抓,构建起以集特教师范、中心盲校、中心聋校为一体的市级特教园区为龙头,以各县市特殊教育中心(学校)为骨干,以普通学校特殊教育班和随班就读为主体的特殊教育办学格局.     

以人民为中心，强化特殊教育普惠高质量发展支撑

党的十八大以来,南京市坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,落细落实党中央国务院特殊教育重大决策部署,筑好教育公平的托底工程,以更有针对性的举措着力解决教育领域特殊群体急难愁盼问题,不断推进特殊教育普及普惠、适宜融合、学业就业一体发展。一是全域统筹优化特殊教育资源布局,构建特殊教育十五年一体化发展机制,全学段多元安置,特殊学位供给更加优质普惠。二是深化学校教育教学改革创新,加强教育科研引领,开展常态化制度化评价,促进课堂提质增效。三是发挥特殊教育学校骨干作用,优化特殊职业教育类型特色,拓展特需学生就业渠道。从而强化特殊教育普惠高质量发展,努力办人民满意的特殊教育,全市特需儿童少年教育实现从“好上学”到“上好学“”就好业”的跨越。     

融合教育理念下的随班就读

上个世纪90年代，中国的特殊教育已经构建了以专门的特殊学校为骨干、以普通学校附设的特教班和随班就读为主体的办学格局。随班就读是体现中国特色的融合教育，符合当今国际特殊教育的发展趋势。在客观评价随班就读实践的成就和不足时，要防止安于现状和过于否定两种倾向。要克服随班就读实践中存在的问题，必须建立融合教育的理念，使有特殊学习需要的学生在学习和生活上都能真正融入正常学生中。     

我国西部地区县域特殊教育发展现状调查

西部地区县域特殊教育的发展关系到我国特殊教育的整体提升。以西部地区经济发展水平较高的陕西省为例,对县级特殊教育学校的发展现状进行调查,结果发现,学校基础设施及师资配置等办学条件均存在不同程度的问题。本文建议:地方政府应从满足西部特殊儿童教育需求和西部农村特殊教育发展实际出发,鼓励全社会共同参与,明确各级政府职责,彰显特殊教育学校骨干作用,提升教师专业水平,从而推动西部乃至全国特殊教育高水平发展。     

中国弱智儿童特殊教育的回顾展望

弱智儿童的教育,无论是在西方发达国家还是在中国,都已成为国民义务教育体系的组成部分。因此,无论是在受教育权利上,还是在教育目标上,都是与正常儿童一致的。自实行改革开放政策以来,中国的弱智教育事业得到了前所未有的发展。十多年来,中国制订和实施了一系列发展弱智教育的方针政策,摸索出一条切合中国实际的以特殊教育学校为骨干,大量特殊班和随班就读为主体的发展特殊教育的道路,颁布了《全日制弱智学校(班)教学计划》(征求意见稿)和《中度智力残疾学生教育训练纲要》(试行)。到1995年,中国已有弱智学校446所,附设在普通学校的特殊     

中国特殊教育发展面临的六大转变

中国特殊教育纵向比较确实取得了令人瞩目的成就,不仅接受义务教育的残疾儿童数量显著增加,残疾学生学前教育、高中教育、高等教育、职业教育等也都取得了很大的发展。但面对日益发展的中国经济、日益提升的中国国际地位、国际特殊教育发展的新趋势和国内残疾人日益多样化的特殊需求,中国特殊教育要想健康发展,须完成六大转变：（1）在政策层面由特殊教育条例向特殊教育法律法规的转变;（2）特殊教育由三类残疾儿童教育向特殊需要儿童教育的转变;（3）特殊教育投入由单纯重视硬件投入向满足残疾儿童需要的转变;（4）教育形式由特殊学校教育逐渐向随班就读学校教育的转变;（5）学校教育建设重心由东部发达地区向中西部地区的转变;（6）师资培训方式由单一的特殊高校师资培养向普通大学开设特教专业培养方式的转变。     

Mainstreaming in an urban middle school: Effects of school organization and climate

Mainstreaming in an urban middle school was examined for three years by a participant observer. It was hypothesized that the school's organization and culture would affect mainstreaming. Findings confirmed this hypothesis. Homogeneity of academic classes and the requirement that students fit into academic groups limited access for special education students to classes where they could function academically as the students did in general education. Criteria for selecting students were not delineated; special and general education teachers communicated informally and irregularly about their students' functioning in mainstream classes; and students received little help with their academic mainstream responsibilities. Students from special education were added to regular classes that were already very large and teacher permission was necessary to include a mainstream student in a general education class. Some school factors facilitated mainstreaming. The principal advocated it and supported its implementation. Special education teachers initiated mainstreaming through their social networks in the school. Heterogeneous groups in minor subjects offered classes with a wider range of ability within which special education students could function, and low track homogeneous classes provided environments that were more like special education classes.     

Social position of special needs pupils in the classroom: a comparison between German special schools for pupils with learning difficulties and integrated primary school classes

The rejection of pupils with behaviour problems is a serious problem for inclusive education schools. Sometimes parents prefer special schools because they do not want their children to become outsiders in integration classes. Are they right? The study presented here surveys children with behaviour problems in integrated primary school classes and in special education schools. The main focus is the extent to which behaviour problems influence social relations within the classes. The findings indicate that German pupils with behaviour problems are not well liked. The comparison of special education classes and integrated primary school classes also shows, however, that this is not solely a feature of integrated classes. Pupils with behaviour problems are disliked in both systems, and to a comparable degree. This means that there may be some good arguments for special schools. But both systems—special schools and integrated school classes—have outsiders. Especially parents of pupils with learning difficulties and behaviour problems should know that there is no difference here between special education classes and integrative primary school classes.     

Diverging paths in upper secondary education: competence attainment among students with special educational needs

The main objective of specially adapted teaching in upper secondary education in Norway is to help students attain vocational or academic competence. However, a contested issue is whether it is conducive to place students with special educational needs in regular or special classes. Another question is whether boys and girls benefit to the same degree from placement in a specific type of class. The analyses presented in this article are based on data from a longitudinal study of nearly 500 adolescents with special educational needs who have been followed prospectively over 6 years. The results demonstrate that students receiving special support in regular classes obtain vocational or academic qualifications to a greater degree than students in special classes. In particular, girls benefit from placement in regular classes. This pattern does not change when the analyses control for relevant variables that are known to affect competence attainment, e.g. the students’ functional level registered at the start of upper secondary school.     

Disability,curriculum and integration in China

ABSTRACT

Current data indicate that there are six million young people of school age with disabilities in China. Of these, only about 50 per cent attend any form of schooling, with approximately 220,000 of them enrolled in special schools and classes. The remainder attend regular classrooms. This means that there are about three million students with disabilities who at present lack any access to education. In May 1996 it was declared that in order to improve this situation, over the next five years, China plans to provide school places for 80 per cent of its disabled youngsters. In order to achieve this goal, the Chinese central education authorities have announced a significant change in policy direction towards integration. Instead of their previous commitment to the establishment of increasing numbers of special schools, it is now planned that the current number of about 1,400 special schools will be increased to 2,000, so that all regions of the country have access to at least one. At that point, no more special schools will be built. The extra places needed to increase the school attendance rate of youngsters with disabilities will be created in regular classes in regular schools. This paper gives an overview of the curriculum arrangements in China's four types of special schools, including their historical development, subjects taught, teaching arrangements and management. A number of difficulties confronting China's special education policy‐makers are canvassed and reasons suggested for their increasing commitment to a strategy of integration. It is proposed that China enjoys three advantages in the pursuit of an integrated school system.     

Reputation and parental logics of action in local school choice space in Finland

Differences in reputation between schools and in classes within schools shape parental choice in the Finnish urban context, even if the differences in school performance and the risks of making a ‘bad’ choice are relatively small. This study analyses the instrumental and expressive orders of schools in a specific educational context. Two overlapping local school choice spaces emerge: the local space of school catchment areas, and the selective space of the city in interaction with neighbouring cities. Entry into the selective space requires different forms of parental capital, and may reproduce educational and social distinctions. Institutions that provide less future exchange value according to the parental conceptions, with socially and ethnically mixed student populations and low expectations of pupils’ contentment are seen to be worth avoiding. The discussion on the choice between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ schools seems to be superficial and to conceal certain educational reproduction processes, which do not officially exist in the Finnish education system. Choosing between classes (general and classes with special emphasis) within a school also works as a distinction strategy.     

新课程环境下体育教师发展的理性思考

新课程理念的提出对传统的学校体育教师以及体育课堂产生了很大的冲击,结合当前国内外学校体育教育改革的趋势,对我国体育课程现状及新课程环境的基本理念进行了剖析,提出新课程环境下的体育教师,要以科学发展观为统领,不仅要不断更新教育教学观念、转变教学模式、加强学习和提高自身素质,而且要善于反思、注重科研。     

基于集训的中小学校长培训——"十一五"福建省校长培训的新思考

随着素质教育的深入贯彻落实,新的教育形势,必将对中小学校长的整体素质和领导管理水平提出更新更高的要求,建设一支能适应新形势、新任务,懂教育,善管理,作风优良的高素质、专业化和谐发展的中小学校长队伍十分必要。本文分析了八五以来校长培训取得的主要成绩和存在的主要问题,结合福建省中小学校长培训的实际,从校长培训组班形式的科学化、集训内容的改革和培训手段创新等视角,对“十一五”校长培训作了新的思考。     

Collaborative Consultation: The San Juan Unified School District Project

Critically needed in the area of school consultation are field-based, evaluation reports of outcomes of actual implementation of school consultation. This article is such a report, describing how the Resource/Consulting Teacher model was implemented with resource specialists in a pilot program in Sacramento, California. We describe: (a) the procedures necessary to bring about such an implementation, (b) the district itself, and (c) the training efforts made to prepare the resource specialists for the new role. Emphasis is placed on how 13 resource specialists formed a collaborative working group among themselves, as well as their efforts to engage in collaborative consultation with classroom teachers and building administrators to assist certain special education students and certain students at risk for school failure. Preliminary evaluation data are included that describe the progress of individual students and groups of elementary students (N = 79) who received specialized remedial reading instruction, and individual students who received intervention to increase appropriate social behaviors. The specialized reading and behavior instruction was provided to special education students in resource rooms and general classrooms; the at-risk student instruction was in general education programs. As a result, 29 special education students were mainstreamed back into their general education reading classes, 7 students were nearly ready to be returned, and 9 students were totally dismissed from the special education program and reinstated as general education students.     

Classification of children with learning problems and the establishment of special classes in Delaware from the 1930s to the mid-1940s

ABSTRACT

This study focuses on J. E. Wallace Wallin, who recognised the rights of children with disabilities to receive an education, and who tackled the scientific classification of children and the provision of special classes in the state of Delaware from the 1930s to the middle of the 1940s. This study intends to clarify how Wallin recognised and classified children who exhibited learning problems, and how he provided an educational environment for them. Wallin advocated the democratic philosophy of providing differentiated education based on the individual differences among children. He classified children with learning problems as “mentally deficient”, “backward”, and “special subject-matter disabilities”. He also recommended special educational treatment in not only special classes but also regular classes. He insisted that regular class teachers and special class teachers share the responsibility of educating children with disabilities. However, in addition to tailoring education based on the diversity exhibited by children with learning problems, it is essential to tailor it for disabled children in public school special classes established in their communities. In terms of both human and material resources, it was difficult to address learning problems suitably in regular classes while improving the quality and quantity of education in special classes.