注意缺陷多动障碍儿童执行功能的延迟眼跳研究

眼跳任务常用于研究额叶纹状体环路的机能,使用延迟眼跳任务可有效分离抑制空间工作记忆,深入探究注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的执行功能损伤.48名儿童(ADHD-I型11人,ADHD-C型19人,对照组18人)完成2种实验任务:正向眼跳和延迟眼跳.结果发现:(1)ADHD儿童存在抑制功能损伤,延迟眼跳中对照组错误率的成绩优势非常显著,延迟时间的加长使ADHD组的错误率显著提高,但不影响对照组错误率.(2)ADHD儿童存在一定的空间工作记忆损伤,延迟眼跳中ADHD组有较差的精确性,且延迟时间越长组间差异越显著.(3)ADHD儿童有较长的反应时和较慢的眼跳速度.     

靶刺激频率对注意缺陷多动障碍儿童基于事件前瞻记忆的影响

前瞻记忆是指对预定事件或未来要执行的行为的记忆。本研究使用经典的"双任务"范式,以探讨靶线索频率对注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的基于事件前瞻记忆的影响。结果表明,在中频或低频条件下,ADHD组儿童的前瞻记忆成绩显著低于普通儿童,但在高频率条件下,ADHD儿童的前瞻记忆成绩与普通儿童无显著差异。这表明,不同靶刺激频率会对ADHD儿童的前瞻记忆造成影响,ADHD儿童的前瞻记忆缺损可能与其本身抑制优势反应缺陷有关。     

注意缺陷多动障碍亚型反应抑制能力研究

注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是儿童常见的一种精神疾病,它有不同的亚型。反应抑制是ADHD执行功能的核心缺损,对反应抑制的研究能够帮助我们了解ADHD神经心理功能,也能够在一定程度上帮我们区分和诊断ADHD亚型。本文主要介绍了一些用于研究ADHD亚型反应抑制的常用方法,并且对于这些方法及其研究成果作了比较。     

PASS理论在ADHD儿童评估与干预中的应用

本文从PASS理论的角度出发,分析论述了不同亚型的ADHD儿童在不同的认知加工过程中所存在缺陷注意缺陷型ADHD儿童在选择性注意过程中存在缺陷,而多动-冲动型ADHD儿童在计划过程中存在缺陷.因此,对于此类儿童的干预和矫治应当根据其特殊的认知过程缺陷采取不同的策略,从而提高其认知加工能力.     

两大营养因素与注意缺陷多动障碍相关性的研究进展

注意缺陷多动障碍(attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)儿童普遍存在营养缺乏的现象,营养补充逐渐成为一种除药物以外辅助治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的方法 .本文主要综述必需脂肪酸、微量元素及其营养补充与ADHD相关性的研究成果,以探讨儿童营养缺乏与ADHD发病风险的相关性,以及营养补充辅助治疗ADHD的潜在优势.     

近5年我国神经反馈治疗注意缺陷多动症儿童的研究状况

为了了解2014-2019年我国神经反馈治疗注意缺陷多动症(ADHD)儿童的基本研究情况,采用文献分析法,从中国知网CNKI、万方数据、维普数据中检索到含有神经反馈(Neurofeedback,NF)治疗ADHD儿童的相关论文共47篇.将此47篇文献纳入以下分析:治疗研究类型、干预方式、随机对照条件、治疗的脑电方案以及疗效评估,并从以上几方面探讨相关治疗研究的规律、特点与发展趋势.     

哌甲酯联合神经反馈治疗儿童注意力缺陷多动障碍(综述)

哌甲酯(Methylphenidate,MPH)是目前治疗儿童注意力缺陷多动障碍(Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)的一线药物,神经反馈(Neuro-feedback,NF)是治疗ADHD的新技术.两种方法在治疗ADHD方面具有不同优势和局限性.近年来,为了探讨更好的ADHD治疗效果,临床工作者和研究者报道了MPH联合NF治疗ADHD的临床应用与研究情况.文章综述了MPH联合NF治疗ADHD的相关文献,分析和评述了影响其疗效的各种可能因素.旨在为不断完善ADHD综合治疗研究提供一定的参考.     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的抑制控制与转换

目的:探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的抑制控制和转换功能.方法:采用图形选择测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、昼夜Stroop测验和字色Stroop测验,以23例ADHD儿童和22例普通对照儿童为研究对象,对其抑制控制能力、转换能力进行测试比较.结果:1.ADHD儿童完成图形选择测验转换任务时间较普通对照组儿童明显延长,犯错误数明显增多;2.ADHD儿童完成威斯康星卡片分类测验的错误应答数、持续性错误数明显比普通儿童多,差异极其显著;3.两组儿童完成昼夜Stroop测验时冲突任务平均时上有显著性差异,ADHD儿童的反应时多于普通儿童;4.ADHD儿童完成字色Stroop测验的干扰任务反应时较普通对照组儿童显著延长.结论:ADHD儿童的抑制控制能力和转换能力显著低于普通儿童.     

注意力缺陷多动障碍超常儿童:特质、鉴别与干预

从特质、鉴别以及干预等方面综述了国内外注意力缺陷多动障碍超常儿童的研究进展.描述ADHD儿童与超常儿童共存的特质,对ADHD超常儿童与一般超常儿童和ADHD儿童进行比较;介绍智力测验、行为观察和创造力测验等多种鉴别方法,通过不同方法对多种能力进行评估可提高鉴别准确性;对ADHD超常儿童进行教育干预,既要通过药物和行为治疗,弥补其缺陷,更要设计合理的超常教育方案,促进其潜能的实现.     

不同时距和通道性质对ADHD儿童时距估计的影响

时距估计是ADHD儿童认知缺陷研究的热点,对于这种现象的原因,以往的研究还没有一致结论。研究采用主观时距与客观时距差异百分比以及时距长度变异值作为反应指标,考查不同时距和通道性质对ADHD儿童时距估计的影响。研究发现ADHD混合型儿童时距估计缺陷受时距长度影响,提示不同时距长度涉及到不同认知加工过程;ADHD儿童时间感缺陷没有通道特异性。     

Neuropsychology of Early-treated Phenylketonuria: Specific Executive Function Deficits

This study explored the hypothesis that children with early-treated phenylketonuria (PKU) are selectively impaired on executive function measures, even when still on diet. The rationale for this hypothesis is that even mild elevations in phenylalanine (Phe) can lead to lower central levels of biogenic amines, including dopamine (DA). We hypothesize that this mild DA depletion causes subtle prefrontal dysfunction, which in turn affects executive functions such as set maintenance, planning, and organized search. 11 preschool early-treated PKU children (M age = 4.64) and a sample of age- and IQ-matched unaffected peers (n = 11) were evaluated on a battery of executive function (EF) measures. In addition, a "non-executive function" task, recognition memory, was administered to all subjects. Group comparisons demonstrated that PKU children were significantly impaired on an executive function composite score; there were no group differences, however, in recognition memory. These results supported the hypothesized specific deficit in executive function. Furthermore, within the PKU group the executive function composite score was significantly negatively correlated with concurrent phenylalanine levels, even after controlling for the correlation between IQ and executive function skills. This second finding provides support for the proposed biochemical mechanism underlying the specific cognitive deficits.     

Links between preschool children's prosocial skills and aggressive conduct problems: The contribution of ADHD symptoms

The aim was to examine the relationship between prosocial behavior and conduct problems, especially aggression, in early childhood. In Phase 1 of the study, teachers reported on 93 3–5-year-old children's prosocial behavior and psychological problems, using a screening instrument, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). In Phase 2, 65 parents completed the SDQ and were interviewed in depth, using a clinical interview, the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA). Children with clinically significant symptoms of conduct disorder and ADHD were significantly less prosocial than other children. However, aggressive conduct symptoms were unrelated to prosocial behavior, once symptoms of ADHD were taken into account. The findings suggest that problems in regulating activity and attention interfere with prosocial development.     

The diversity of attention deficits in ADHD: the prevalence of four cognitive factors in ADHD versus controls

The performance of participants with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) relative to control participants was measured on four tasks uniquely assessing the functions of selective attention, executive attention, sustained attention, and orienting of attention. The results showed that deficits in sustained attention were the most pronounced, characterizing most participants with ADHD and deficits in each of the other three functions characterized more than half of these participants. Different participants with ADHD revealed different clusters of attentional deficits. These results call for a revision of leading theories of ADHD that identify the core of the pathology as a sole deficit in executive functions.     

Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms,Perceived Stress,and Resilience in College Students

This research investigated the relationships among symptoms associated with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), perceived stress, and resilience in college students. In our study of 558 college students (175 men, 383 women), we confirmed the hypothesis that the relationship between ADHD symptoms and perceived stress is mediated by protective factors associated with resilience. The relationships were not significantly moderated by sex. Implications for increasing resilience in college students and lowering perceived stress for college students are discussed.     

Attentional and executive function behaviours in children with poor working memory

The purpose of this study was to explore the profiles of classroom behaviour relating to attention and executive functions in children with very poor working memory, and to test the hypothesis that inattentive behaviour and working memory problems co-occur. Teachers rated problem behaviours of 52 children with low working memory scores aged 5/6 and 9/10 years on teacher rating measures of attention and executive function behaviours. The majority of children with low working memory scores obtained atypically high ratings of cognitive problems/ inattentive symptoms, and were judged to have short attention spans, high levels of distractibility, problems in monitoring the quality of their work, and difficulties in generating new solutions to problems. These results extend previous findings that working memory problems and inattentive behaviour co-occur to a non-clinical sample. It is suggested that reduced working memory capacity may play a causal role in the problem behaviours of these children.     

干扰负载对注意缺陷多动障碍儿童视觉工作记忆的影响

为考察编码和提取阶段的干扰负载对注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童视觉工作记忆的影响。本研究采用纸笔测验,分别要求被试对编码和提取阶段的材料进行操作。结果发现,编码阶段,干扰负载对两组被试的影响没有显著差异;提取阶段,干扰负载对ADHD组被试的影响显著大于普通组被试。相对于普通组儿童而言,ADHD儿童的视觉工作记忆更易受到干扰负载的影响,这种影响体现在提取阶段。     

Efficacy of an Intervention Program for Attention and Reflexivity in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

There has been increasing evidence in recent years of the need to adapt intervention programs to the specific needs of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The main goal of this research work was to study the efficacy of an educational intervention program to improve attention and reflexivity in school children with ADHD in order to verify the improvements in symptoms associated with ADHD such as aggressivity, social isolation, anxiety, and attention deficit. The sample was comprised of 26 primary school children ranging from 7 to 10 years of age with ADHD. Symptoms of children with ADHD were evaluated by applying the Escalas Magallanes Screening Scale for Attention Deficits and Other Developmental Problems in Children (EMA‐DDA) at two time points (pre and post). The results show a statistically significant reduction in symptoms on the aggressivity and social isolation scales measured with the EMA‐DDA after applying the intervention program. These data supports the potential value of an intervention program for working with ADHD children.     

Follow-up of a preschool epidemiological sample: cross-age continuities and predictions of later adjustment with internalizing and externalizing dimensions of behavior

The continuity of behavioral adjustment from preschool through elementary school and junior high school years was examined. 541 children aged 9-15 years from a preschool epidemiological study were relocated and behavior checklist data obtained. Analyses focused on the relationship between internalizing and externalizing behavior dimensions from the preschool to follow-up periods. It was found that preschool externalizing symptoms were positively correlated with later externalizing and internalizing symptoms in the entire sample. Preschool internalizing symptoms, however, were predictive of later internalizing symptoms only for 2-year-old girls and 5- and 6-year-old boys. Similar results were obtained for clinically disturbed preschoolers. Results are consistent with previous findings regarding the longitudinal continuity of externalizing behavior but are at odds with reports of equal or greater stability of internalizing behavior. Given the magnitude of obtained correlations, even when significant, the results support the view that discontinuity rather than continuity in behavioral adjustment from preschool to later ages is the rule. The importance of examining other mediating variables in the prediction of behavioral adjustment and the need for models of development that encompass both stability and change are discussed.     

The influence of feedback of diagnosis and executive function skills on rates of false positive and false negative outcomes for ADHD

This study examined executive function (EF) skills and self-reported symptoms of ADHD. EF skills were measured to determine whether skills were different between groups that reported clinical levels of ADHD symptoms (clinical group) and nonclinical levels of ADHD symptoms (nonclinical group). EF skills in the nonclinical group were also investigated to determine whether differences existed for those who received false positive and negative feedback about an ADHD diagnosis. Results indicated statistically and clinically significant differences in EF skills between the clinical and nonclinical group. Participants in the nonclinical group who reported elevated scores on the ADHD screener after receiving false positive feedback had statistically significantly different EF function scores, but not clinically significant scores, compared to the participants in nonclinical group who received negative feedback.     

Right hemisphere dysfunction in ADHD: visual hemispatial inattention and clinical subtype

The relationship between right hemisphere dysfunction and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remains controversial. We administered a random letter cancellation test to 58 carefully selected adult patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and 29 age- and education-matched controls. Patients with ADHD had a higher mean omission rate on the left side than the controls, and a greater percentage of ADHD patients than controls made more omissions on the left than on the right (L > R errors). ADHD patients who made L > R errors had lower performance IQ scores than ADHD patients who did not make L > R errors. However, ADHD patients who made L > R errors did not differ from ADHD patients who did not make L > R errors in ADHD subtype, medication response, or neuropsychological measures of attention, executive function, verbal memory, nonverbal memory, or academic achievement. Patients without a family history of ADHD were more likely to make L > R errors than patients with a family history of ADHD. This study provides support for the concept of right hemisphere dysfunction in a subset of patients with ADHD. However, ADHD patients who make L > R errors do not appear to represent a distinct clinical subgroup in terms of medication response, ADHD subtype, or neuropsychological test performance.