新课程三维目标整合的KAPO模型

新课程三维目标体系为我国基础教育克服认知教育与情感教育分离的状况提供了观念和制度上的支持,对于培养认知与情感和谐发展的创新型人才具有重要的意义。然而,三维目标的提出并没有使认知教育与情感教育分离的状况得到立竿见影的改变。究其原因,一方面,在理论层面,对三维目标的内涵和外延还存在着一些有争议的、没有厘清的观点;另一方面,在实践层面,也存在着许多认识上的误区,影响着三维目标的有效落实。从认知心理学的广义知识观和学科知识的教育价值两个角度综合来看,三维目标既相互区分,又相互依存、相互支持,构成了一种多向的、非线性的关系。加涅关于教学事件的研究为三维目标整合的可能性提供了实践模型,而当代复杂性理论则为三维目标整合的必要性提供了理论支持,以此基础建立的三维目标整合的KAPO模型打破了加在三维目标整合上的限制条件,有利于教师精心设计教学事件,有效实现三维目标整合,将认知教育与情感教育有机地结合起来。     

霍恩斯坦教育目标分类与布卢姆教育目标分类的比较

霍恩斯坦于1998年推出了一个全新的教育目标分类，这个分类将全部教育目标划分为4个领域：认知领域；情感领域；动作技能领域和行为领域，每个领域包括5个类别的目标。霍恩斯坦教育目标分类与布卢姆教育目标分类之间存在一些共同点，也存在重要的区别，霍恩斯坦教育目标分类实现了对布卢姆教育目标分类的超越。     

A Model to Exhibit the Interdependence of the Cognitìve and Affective Domains of Objectives for Use in Science and Technical Teacher Training

A diagrammatic model connecting the cognitìve and affective domains of educational objectives is proposed. It abandons the original (Krathwohl) hierarchy of affective objectives for one based solely on the arousal of interest as a positive dimension. A negative dimension for this affective hierarchy is also suggested. This bipolar affective axis is set at an acute angle to the conventional cognitìve hierarchy with the implication that success in the cognitìve domain is related to positive affective outcomes of instruction and lack of success therein results from situations where, for a variety of reasons, the affective outcomes of instruction are in the negative dimension. Research evidence supporting the model is quoted. A list of 21 antithetic teaching strategies and pupils’ personal and social characteristics reputed to contribute positively or negatively to success in the affective dimension is given.     

Evaluation of Affective and Cognitive‐Affective Domains in Socially‐Oriented Innovative Science and Technology Curricula

Summaries

English

The present work is an attempt to contribute to the field of evaluation of the affective domain in socially‐oriented innovative science and technology curricula. The main concern of such curricula is the long‐term development of the student's personality in terms of decision‐making capability, attitudes, intellectual power, and social involvement.

Since it appears that the realistic choice in the evaluation of such curricula is between ‘no measures’ (subjective judgements) and ‘imperfect proxies’, it is proposed to concentrate on finding adequate (and agreeable) measures to evaluate the long‐range intended (but also the unintended) effects of the programmes in hand, and only then to switch to evaluate the effectiveness of the curriculum in achieving these effects (i.e. the educational objectives) in the affective domain. Selected ideas with respect to the above are ‘translated’ here into manageable and applicable procedures within the science class, taking into consideration the ‘local realism of constraints’ within which every science teacher performs.

The development of feasible methods for measurement of curricular outcomes in the affective and affective‐cognitive domains is a precondition for future summative evaluation of socio‐technologically oriented science and technology curricula. Contending with the moral and value‐judgement components of any future science curriculum is therefore the inescapable task ahead.     

ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF OLDER ADULT EDUCATION ON SUBJECTIVE WELL‐BEING

The number of educational programs for older adults is increasing. It has been proposed that older adults maintain or increase their subjective well‐being by participating in such programs. Indeed, many educational programs targeted for older adults have objectives that deal with enhancing subjective well‐being. However, program evaluations that assess the subjective well‐being of participants are infrequent. A literature search located only seven research reports including data on the impact of educational programs on the subjective well‐being of older adults. The studies mostly were pre‐experimental, contained a variety of outcome measures, and yielded inconclusive results. In this paper, we discuss a global and multidimensional perspective of subjective well‐being encompassing the constructs of happiness, morale, and life satisfaction by specifying their location on temporal, cognitive, and affective dimensions. We also point out that current scales used to assess these constructs may be inappropriate, because the content of specific items may be inconsistent with program objectives. Recommendations are offered, in terms of measurement and research design issues, for upgrading the evaluation of educational interventions targeted for older adults.     

Physical classroom environment and student satisfaction with courses

The higher education market in South Korea has matured over recent decades. Higher education institutions have invested in many areas to boost the student experience. Student satisfaction has been identified as a key variable in explaining the holistic evaluation of the course. This study aims to fulfil a void in research by developing a study model consisting of cognitive evaluation, affective evaluation and student satisfaction with the course. Furthermore, two constructs of classroom physical environments were added to measure the moderating effect of satisfaction’s antecedents. Results indicated that student satisfaction with a course was significantly explained by cognitive and affective evaluations. Affective evaluation played a mediating role between cognitive evaluation and students’ satisfaction with the course. In addition, the impact of cognitive evaluation was greater than that of affective evaluation. The cognitive and affective evaluation constructs in the proposed theoretical framework accounted for 56% of the variance explained in student satisfaction with the course. Moreover, results of the invariance test revealed that ambient conditions of the classroom and its spatial layout and functionality significantly enhanced the effects of cognitive evaluation and affective evaluation on student satisfaction with the course.     

Model of affective learning for nonformal science education facilities

Objective setting and evaluation for learning in the affective domain are often neglected in educational programs, largely because affective learning is a poorly understood phenomenon. This is particularly problematic in nonformal science education facilities, which are uniquely suited to facilitate affective learning. To address this problem, a heuristic model of affective learning in nonformal educational facilities was developed. The model, referred to as the Meredith Model, displays a sequence of events occurring in the affective responses of learners in nonformal educational experiences and identifies factors which may influence individual events within this sequence. The model is proposed as a conceptual framework for gaining an increased understanding of affective learning and for making recommendations for practice of nonformal science education and for further research. J Res Sci Teach 34: 805–818, 1997.     

Mindfulness,adult learning and therapeutic education: integrating the cognitive and affective domains of learning

Although it has been given qualified approval by a number of philosophers of education, the so‐called ‘therapeutic turn’ in education has been the subject of criticism by several commentators on post‐compulsory and adult learning over the last few years. A key feature of this alleged development in recent educational policy is said to be the replacement of the traditional goals of knowledge and understanding with personal and social objectives concerned with enhancing and developing confidence and self‐esteem in learners. After offering some critical observations on these developments, I suggest that there are some educationally justifiable goals underpinning what has been described as a therapeutic turn. Whilst accepting that ‘self‐esteem’ and cognate concepts cannot provide a general end or universal aim of education, the therapeutic function—the affective domain of learning—is more valuable and significant than is generally acknowledged. This claim is justified by an examination of the concept of ‘mindfulness’ which, it is argued, can be an immensely powerful and valuable notion that is integrally connected with the centrally transformative and developmental nature of learning and educational activity at all levels. The incorporation of mindfulness strategies within adult learning programmes may go some way towards re‐connecting the cognitive and affective dimensions of education.     

Implications of instructional psychology for the design of educational television

This article examines the implications of a cognitive model of learning for the design of educational broadcast television. Specifically examined are research studies with instructional implications for such functions as pacing, cueing, modeling, and transformation of the television presentation. Robert B. Kozma is Associate Professor at School of Education, Associate Research Scientist at the Center for Research on Learning and Teaching, and Project Director, National Center for Research to Improve Post Secondary Teaching and Learning, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the American Educational Research Association Annual Conference, New Orleans, LA, 1984. Appreciation is expressed to Barbara Beath, Edward Saunders, anonymous reviewers, and students in the author’s seminar on educational television for their helpful comments.     

开放大学建设背景下的金融学人才培养模式改革

人才培养模式改革是电大在向开放大学战略转型建设中的重要任务,本文试图通过对电大金融学科人才培养模式改革的驱动力分析,借鉴国内外先进的教育教学改革成果,结合自身工作经验,从培养目标的调整、课程体系的更新、教学模式的创新、考核模式的改革、师资队伍的优化和沟通机制的构建这六个方面探索开放大学建设背景下金融学专业人才培养的新模式。     

Factors of Programme Choice in Public Television: a national survey

The differing audience objectives of public and commercial television in the United States pose significant issues relative to how programmes are chosen for broadcast. Factors which influence the selection of programmes on public television (the chief broadcast outlet of educational programmes in America) warrant the scrutiny of media scholars, for such factors may prove influential in determining the nature of broadcast educational programmes. A survey of US public television programmers, conducted to examine factors perceived as important in making programme decisions, identified 11 factors, but about 70% of the total variance was explained by the first five factors: (1) audience measures, (2) personal feedback, (3) programme strategy, (4) station resources and (5) intuition. The audience measure factor explained the largest proportion of the variance (30%). Several factors were comparable with those used in an earlier study of commercial TV programme decision‐making. The findings suggest that perhaps internal constraints (station budget) cause public and commercial programmers to be similar in their perceptions about factors regarded as influential in programme selection     

高校网络教育资源评价的探讨

随着教育信息化的发展,网络教育资源作为高校教育信息化的重要组成部分,发挥着越来越重要的作用。科学的评价体系是提高高校网络教育资源质量和服务的重要保障。评价目标、评价指标、评价方法和评价策略是建构科学的评价体系的核心内容,通过对上述评价体系核心内容进行深入地探讨,以推动科学的高校网络资源评价体系的完善和发展。     

Educational action research to initiate discourse on inclusion in an e-learning environment in teacher education

This paper reports on a fragment from an educational action research in a teacher education setting, ascertaining the possibilities of using the online environment of google.doc for initiating pre-service teachers’ discourse about the nature of inclusive relationships between individuals and the environment, and the ways of their enhancement. The method of discourse analysis applied to the generated data demonstrates contradictory evidence as regards the effectiveness of the chosen medium for discourse in terms of the participants’ involvement. However, content analysis of the generated discourse yields a system of 15 approaches that pre-service teachers use for communicating about the nature of and prerequisites for inclusive relationships as well as for contemplating the role of education in enhancing them. We suggest that teacher educators can apply these approaches as a framework for exploring the frames of reference that future teachers use in making sense of the phenomenon of inclusion. The identified approaches can help to identify the paths to be pursued to develop these frames, on the grounds of an assumption that a balance can be found between the cognitive, affective, experiential and action orientations.     

Learning Plans

Abstract

Learning plans are essential tools for field education. The development of a learning plan invests the student in the learning process by encouraging ownership. It alsoserves as a model to help students understand the contracting process used when engaging clients. A well thought out learning plan assures accountability and avoids problemsthat may arise resulting from unclear field expectations. Yet, many students and field instructors have difficulty in developing meaningful plans that truly relate to the social work educational experience. This paper provides a framework for developing a learning plan that includes an overview of the student, faculty advisor, and field instructor's roles and the process utilized. Working from broad comprehensive learning goals, cognitive and affective objectives are developed. This leads to specified tasks and evaluative standards. A sample format is presented to further assist students, faculty advisors, and field instructors to develop useful, instructive, and evaluative learning plans.     

Cognitive and Affective Learning Outcomes Resulting from the Use of Behavioral Objectives in Teaching Poetry

Abstract

This investigation was designed to determine whether use of behavioral objectives in teaching poetry results in understanding on all cognitive levels and response on all affective levels. A poetry unit based on behavioral objectives obtained from teachers and pupils through a modified Delphi survey was taught to two ninth grade English classes. Using the Solomon-Four Group Design, data obtained through pre- and post-tests were analyzed by 2x2 analysis of variance. The data revealed that learning and response to poetry as a result of the use of behavioral objectives were significant at the .05 confidence level on every level of the cognitive and affective domains.     

The Relationship between Performances on Examinations and Emotional Responses

This study investigated the nature of elementary teachers’ priorities of behaviorally stated objectives of instruction and the practice of these priorities in the classroom. Thirty teachers, representing six school districts, were administered a 100-item structured Q-sort comprised of five theoretical categories; low cognitive, high cognitive, tool-skill, affective-personal, and affective-interactive. Statistical analyses revealed that twenty-two teachers ranked either the affective or high cognitive categories as most important. When these findings were correlated to classroom practice, no significant correlation, (r -. 150) was found between those objective teachers ranked as most important and those they practiced. The study seemed to demonstrate that although teachers did have priorities of instruction, they did not translate these priorities into their classroom practice.     

Affective and Cognitive Responses to Poetry in the University Classroom

Abstract

In universities, as in mainstream education more widely, cognitive approaches to poetry are often dominant. Far from being irrelevant to the serious study of literature, we argue that eliciting students’ affective responses to poetry can deepen their cognitive understanding and analytical skills. Drawing on recent research in psychology on the relationship between cognition and affect, we show that poetry has particular potential to make us aware of the crucial interrelation of our cognitive and affective processes; and that bringing those responses into balance can deepen our understanding of poetry. Building on recent educational studies of typical student (and teacher) anxieties and assumptions about working with poetry, and on our observations from our own initial, exploratory seminars, we explore some of the obstacles to rebalancing the cognitive and affective dimensions of poetry in higher education, and point to the potential value of such an approach if such obstacles are overcome.     

Educating through Television in Nigeria

In highlighting the nature of educational television in Nigeria, the author traces the development of television in Nigeria, discusses aspects of instructional and educational television and looks at their importance in Nigerian education and national development. Some of the educational programmes broadcast on Nigerian television are described and the major problems facing the television industry are discussed. The author proposes some recommendations for solving those problems.