杭州市区科学课教师知识观的调查研究

知识是教育教学活动的核心要素,知识观比课程观、教学观更为基础,也更为根本.对杭州市区173位初中科学课教师进行了问卷调查,对9位教师进行了半结构式访谈,通过量化与质性研究,旨在了解科学课教师知识观的一般特征,为科学课程的有效实施提供现实依据.研究发现多数教师具有科学课程提倡的知识观念,部分教师对于知识是什么?知识的学习、认识上存在着差异.     

科学课教师继续教育存在的问题与对策

综合科学课具有分科课程不可比拟的优势,综合科学课的普遍开设给科学课教师继续教育带来发展的机遇,也提出了更高的挑战。当前我国科学课教师教育存在＂科学观＂落后、教育课程机械组合、培训方法僵化等诸多问题。面对这些问题,科学课教师继续教育要通过建构与时俱进的＂科学观＂、促进课程的有机综合、完善教学方法等途径提升科学课教师继续教育的质量。     

小学《科学》课程标准辨析

在新课程理念下的小学课程体系中,原小学自然课改为小学科学课,小学自然教学大纲改为小学科学课程标准,新的小学科学课程标准确立了小学科学课程的性质、目标,也重新编制了课程的内容结构体系,提出了新的教学要求,同时在课程资源观、课程评价观等方面都发生了重大变化。正确认识这些变化,对于小学科学课教师正确理解小学科学课程标准,正确认识小学科学课程的价值,转变教师角色等都具有重要意义。     

小学科学课程对教师培养的要求

随着基础教育改革的逐步深入,小学科学课将逐步替代小学自然课,成为培养小学生科学素养的重要课程。目前国内多所高等师范院校都已开始着手或准备培养小学科学课师资。小学科学课教师的培养已成为科学课程改革的关键和高等师范院校的重要任务之一。因此,研究小学科学课程对教师的新需求,适应时代发展需要,全面培养小学科学教育师资,是亟待解决的一个课题。本文主要从教育理念、知识构成、教育实践能力三个方面分析研究小学科学课程对教师的新需求。■一、小学科学课程教师应树立全新的教育理念科学课程价值目标的追求,强调了学生在探究过程…     

小学科学课堂教学需要创新

正小学科学课是以培养科学素养为宗旨的科学启蒙课程,它融化学知识、物理知识、自然知识于一体。学生在科学课的学习中所遇到的问题是复杂多变的,具有一定的科学性,又具有抽象性,学生不容易理解与掌握。因此,教师要创新教学方法,要引导学生在"做中学",学生亲身体验到的科学知识才会内化为学习科学课的动力,才会学好科学用好科学,把学生对科学课的学习兴趣吸引到研究科学的实践活动中来,使其感受到科学课的无穷魅力。一、教学内容要与学生生活紧密联系作为教师,要清楚地知道孩子们所提出的问题都是他们看到或感受到的。根据教学内容,教师要有意识地把课堂知识与学     

新课程背景下小学科学课教师角色的转变

在新课程理念下的小学课程体系中,原小学自然课改为小学科学课,小学自然教学大纲改为小学科学课程标准,新的小学科学课程标准从理念、目标、内容、方法、评价等各个方面对小学科学课教师提出了新的要求,表明新课程改革对小学科学课教师角色期待和角色规范提出了新的的要求,这些要求必然对小学科学课教师角色的转变提出挑战,小学科学课教师必须正确理解小学科学课程标准,正确认识小学科学课程的价值,明确认识新的角色期待和角色规范的要求,积极进行自身角色的转变,才能成为小学科学课程实施的积极的促进因素。     

小学科学教学初探

《新课程标准》要求：科学课程应“以人为本，面向全体学生。”在教学活动中以科学探究的方法进行教学，这就要求科学课为每一位学生提供公平、良好的学生学习科学的机会，也要求在小学科学教学活动中必须更新教师观、学生观。教师应用交换机的教学理念，把科学探究贯穿于教学之中，让学生不仅仅是为了学习而是认识自然界及掌握认识自然界的本领。在这几年的科学教学中，笔者从以下的几个方面进行教学：     

《微小世界》总结课的实践与认识

科学课的总结课对每一位科学教师来说都是一个值得研究的课题。无论是课程标准、教材还是教学用书上都缺乏具体的模式供教师参考,科学课的总结课往往是小学科学教学过程中的“边缘”环节。针对这些情况,我们对《微小世界》单元的总结课进行了研究。     

科学课程知识观的重建与发展

科学知识是科学课程的核心要素，传统的对科学知识客观性、价值中立性、普遍性的理解决定了教师、学生的科学课程知识观的价值取向。随着科学知识社会学对科学知识的文化性、相对性、多样性、建构性、境域性品格的揭示，引领了科学课程领域的一场思想革命，催生了由封闭、单一、科学本位的科学课程知识观向开放、多元、人文、生态课程知识观的转变，对科学课程理论研究和改革实践产生了重要影响。     

农村小学科学课教学的现状与对策

科学课是对儿童进行科学启蒙教育的一门重要基础学科,上好科学课对发展小学生爱科学、学科学、用科学的能力,提高小学生的科学素养,具有十分重要的意义。但是,针对农村小学科学课教学现状,笔者甚为担忧。一、农村小学科学课教学的现状1.科学课教师兼课多,业务水平低我校承担着国家教育科学“十五规划”教育部重点课题《新世纪科学教材实验》的研究和子课题《小学生科学探究活动的组织与管理》的立项研究,可以说我们的科学课教学走在了山东省科学课教学的前沿。即便如此,担任实验教学的两位老师语文课兼科学课,分散了教学精力,不能更好地发挥学科带头人的辐射作用,影响了我镇乃至我县科学课教学质量的提高。通过调查,我们发现其他学校和我校情况基本一样,科学课教师多是兼职,业务水平较低,许多教师不适应这门学科的教学。     

Students’ Perceptions of Their Science Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge

Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) is a type of teacher knowledge to be developed by a teacher. PCK is said to contribute to effective teaching. Most studies investigated the development of PCK and its influence on students’ learning from the teachers’ perspectives. Only a limited number of studies have investigated the components of science teachers’ PCK that helped students’ learning from the perspective of students. Thus, it is the aim of this study to investigate the level of science teachers’ PCK from students’ perspective, in particular whether or not students of different achieving ability had different views of teachers’ PCK in assisting their learning and understanding. Based on the PCK research literature, six components of PCK have been identified, which were as follows: (1) subject matter knowledge, (2) knowledge of teaching strategies, (3) knowledge of concept representation, (4) knowledge of teaching context, (5) knowledge of students, and (6) knowledge of assessment in learning science. A questionnaire consisting of 56 items on a five-point Likert-type scale were used for data collection from 316 Form Four students (16 years old). One-way analysis of variance revealed that the differences in science teachers’ PCK identified by students of different achieving abilities were statistically significant. Overall, students of various academic achieving abilities considered all the components of PCK as important. The low-achieving students viewed all the components of PCK as being less important compared to the high and moderate achievers. In particular, low-achieving students do not view ‘knowledge of concept representation’ as important for effective teaching. They valued the fact that teachers should be alert to their needs, such as being sensitive to students’ reactions and preparing additional learning materials. This study has revealed that PCK of science teachers should be different for high and low-achieving students and knowledge of students’ understanding plays a critical role in shaping teachers PCK.     

Primary Teachers' thinking about the English National Curriculum for science: Autobiographies,warrants, and autonomy

Primary teachers, whether or not they have a specialized background in science, hold the key to understanding how science is presently working in primary schools. This paper examines their confidence and identity as science teachers in tandem with their views on the English National Curriculum and the warrants they give for those views. Data for this study were collected by in‐depth interviews of a small sample of primary teachers, setting their views in the context of their science‐related life histories. These are presented in three ways—by biographical sketches illuminating their self‐image as science teachers; by analysis of their views on the curriculum; and by analysis of the types of knowledge they used as warrants for their views. Analysis showed that their professional self‐image and their ‘science autobiographies’ were mutually validating. Where science teaching had become embedded into their perception of themselves as teachers, their critiques of the science curriculum and their desire for autonomy in its teaching could be shown to be consistent with their values © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 37: 1043–1056, 2000     

Preservice elementary teachers' views of their students' prior knowledge of science

Pre‐service teachers face many challenges as they learn to teach in ways that are different from their own educational experiences. Pre‐service teachers often enter teacher education courses with pre‐conceptions about teaching and learning that may or may not be consistent with contemporary learning theory. To build on preservice teachers' prior knowledge, we need to identify the types of views they have when entering teacher education courses and the views they develop throughout these courses. The study reported here focuses specifically on preservice teachers' views of their own students' prior knowledge and the implications these views have on their understanding of the formative assessment process. Sixty‐one preservice teachers were studied from three sections of a science methods course. Results indicate that preservice teachers exhibited a limited number of views about students' prior knowledge. These views tended to privilege either academic or experience‐based concepts for different aspects of formative assessment, in contrast to contemporary perspectives on teaching for understanding. Rather than considering these views as misconceptions, it is argued that it is more useful to consider them as resources for further development of a more flexible concept of formative assessment. Four common views are discussed in detail and applied to science teacher education. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 497–523, 2008     

Teachers' concepts in science

Conclusion The basic assumption underlying this study is that science teachers have misconceptions in some selected science concepts. The overall conclusion which can be drawn is that, although the responses were not consistent across the concepts or within the concepts, there are indeed misconceptions. The result is evidence that the graduate trainee teachers have misconceptions in science. The results show that the view of science held by this group of trainee teachers is sometimes little better than the view of science held by students investigated by Osborne et al. The test appears appropriate for use with science teachers. What do these results imply? They suggest that science teachers may have concepts which are little better than the students they teach. If that is the case, then, is it reasonable to urge teachers to probe their students' concepts before teaching them? Should science educators then redirect their efforts in conceptual change to changing teachers' views before changing students' views?     

Anthropomorphism and Animism in Early Years Science: Why Teachers Use Them,how They Conceptualise Them and What Are Their Views on Their Use

There is considerable evidence that use of anthropomorphism and animism in science teaching is a common practice in all grades of education. However, not much is known about teachers' own views on the real reasons why they have been using animistic and anthropomorphic formulations or on the issue of whether animism and anthropomorphism should or should not be used in science. The present work, which was carried out in Greece, investigates early years teachers' views on the use of animism and anthropomorphism and on the reasons behind their use of these formulations. The study was designed as a small-scale exploration study. Research data were obtained from recorded group interviews and from written tasks. Results indicate that early years teachers seem to adopt the view that animism and anthropomorphism in early years science can cause cognitive problems in young children, and also that these teachers believe that in special cases use of animism and anthropomorphism can cause emotional problems as well. Results also reveal that, despite their reservations, teachers use animism and anthropomorphism both consciously and unconsciously and that they attribute their conscious use of these formulations to their low levels of content and pedagogical content knowledge in science.     

“Before teaching this I'd do a lot of reading” preparing primary student teachers to teach science

The subject knowledge primary teachers have as a basis for their teaching of science has become a major concern in preservice and inservice education in many countries, including Australia, the UK and the USA. There are differing views among policy makers, teacher educators and student teachers about precisely what primary teachers need to know and how they are best prepared for teaching science. This article reports an investigation into the science content and pedagogic content knowledge of student teachers a university in the UK. Many students said that when approaching a real teaching situation they would be able to prepare themselves adequately by independent research using published sources. The data from this study revealed that half the group of students were able to do so with guidance although their initial background knowledge of science was weak. Implications for the preparation of primary student teachers are discussed.     

From PCK to TPACK: Developing a Transformative Model for Pre-Service Science Teachers

New science teachers should be equipped with the ability to integrate and design the curriculum and technology for innovative teaching. How to integrate technology into pre-service science teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge is the important issue. This study examined the impact on a transformative model of integrating technology and peer coaching for developing technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) of pre-service science teachers. A transformative model and an online system were designed to restructure science teacher education courses. Participants of this study included an instructor and 12 pre-service teachers. The main sources of data included written assignments, online data, reflective journals, videotapes and interviews. This study expanded four views, namely, the comprehensive, imitative, transformative and integrative views to explore the impact of TPACK. The model could help pre-service teachers develop technological pedagogical methods and strategies of integrating subject-matter knowledge into science lessons, and further enhanced their TPACK.     

Selective traditions in group discussions: teachers’ views about good science and the possible obstacles when encountering a new topic

There is an ongoing discussion about what content that should be taught in science education and there are different views among teachers about what represent good science content. However, teachers are not isolated individuals making their own interpretations, but are part of institutionalised systems building on patterns in the selection of teaching goals and content. Earlier research shows that teachers teach in alignment with different selective traditions, which can be understood as well-developed teaching habits. Individual teachers seem to develop their personal habits on the basis of the contextual situations created by earlier generations of teachers. In order to find out which content teachers find representative for science education, we asked nine teachers to take part in group interviews to talk about what they value as “good” science content. The participants were grouped according to their selective traditions expressed in earlier studies. The method was used to dynamically explore, challenge and highlight teachers’ views. The starting point for the group discussions is national tests in science. In Sweden, national tests in biology, physics and chemistry were introduced in secondary school science (year 9) in 2009. One overarching aim of these tests is to support the implementation of the science curricula and to include for example knowledge about socio-scientific issues (SSI). The content of the tests can consequently be seen as important for teachers to consider. The findings show that ‘resistance’ to including SSI is not just an issue for individual teachers. As individuals teachers can create many kinds of obstacles, but still be interested in integrating SSI in their science teaching. However, in group discussions the teachers tend to collectively adopt the scientific rational discourse. This discourse is what joins them and creates their common identity as science teachers. In turn, they seek to free scientific knowledge from social knowledge and thereby make assessment easier.     

Integrated Science Students’ Assessment of their Teachers for Characteristics of Effective Science Teaching

This study explored views held by pre-service and in-service science teachers regarding the nature of science and technology particularly: (a) the characteristics of science and technology; (b) the aim of science and scientific research; (c) the characteristics of scientific knowledge and scientific theories; and (d) the relationship between science and technology. The views held by science teachers at pre-service and in-service levels were assessed using a questionnaire. The findings revealed that generally science teachers at both pre-service and in-service levels showed similar views in relation to the nature of science and technology. While the participants displayed mix views regarding science as content oriented or process oriented, technology was viewed as an application of science. Implications of these views for classroom teaching and learning are presented.