信息弱势群体:信息权利、信息消费和信息扶贫

在我国信息化进程中,信息弱势群体在信息权利保障方面仍存在很多问题.文章拟从信息弱势群体的信息消费和信息权利保障角度,在对信息弱势群体、信息权利、信息政策、信息消费等概念间的关系进行梳理后,分析了在信息消费过程中,我国信息弱势群体在信息权利保障方面存在的问题及原因,并针对这些问题提出了信息扶贫的对策.     

关于信息弱势群体的若干探讨

进入信息时代,信息弱势群体逐渐成为全社会的重要关注对象。界定了弱势群体与信息弱势群体的关系,介绍了信息弱势群体的几个相关基础理论。从大数据与智慧城市构建的视角探讨了新信息环境下信息弱势群体面临的问题和挑战,并基于此提出了若干思考。     

Tapping into existing information flows: The transformation to compliance by design in business-to-government information exchange

Transforming Business-to-Government (B2G) information exchange is a next frontier for reducing government spending while improving performance. This paper examines two different B2G information exchange architectures that reflect continuing transformations that empower some government agencies to do better compliance monitoring tasks with fewer resources. The win for the reporting companies is the lower cost of compliance. Instead of focusing on collecting compliance information from individual companies, the government agencies in this study focus on collecting information on the supply chain level, allowing for automated data reconciliation. Our findings reveal that pushing controls (automated checks) upstream (in company software and data sources) results in more efficiency, higher information quality and reduces redundant controls. The examined architectures exhibit high levels of compliance by design, meaning that many control objectives are by default encompassed in the design. This requires a well-aligned combination of data standardization (using shared syntax and semantics) and automated information processing (using an intelligent gateway between businesses and government agencies). However, achieving such an alignment is a difficult challenge; especially when taking into account that such transformations require solid governance, trust and high initial investments — prerequisites that are rare in many public-private partnerships.     

Media effects on information sharing: A field experiment

The purpose of this field experiment was to test hypotheses concerned with media effects on the ability to share and discuss information in administrative appeals hearings in the area of unemployment insurance. Three communication modes were compared: (a) face‐to‐face, the traditional mode; (b) split telephone, in which participants speak from locations convenient to each; and (c) office telephone, in which the agency representative is at one location and all other participants are located together at another agency office. Of the numerous tests conducted, few revealed significant differences among the three modes. These results corroborated findings from previous laboratory and field research: in‐person hearings compared favorably with the two telephone modes, and the split conference hearing tended to receive higher ratings than the office telephone configuration.     

Traveling uncharted waters: The exchange of government information between the united states and china

Almost 20 years ago the United States and China established a program for exchange of government publications through their two national libraries, the Library of Congress (LC) and the National Library of China (NLC). Both sides have made tremendous efforts to honor the exchange agreement, although LC hopes to receive more comparable materials from its counterpart. The recent shift to electronic formats in the United States and the government Internet censorship in China pose serious challenges to the existence of this program. Suggestions are made for ameliorating these difficulties.     

The use of self moderated focus groups to gather exploratory data on information beliefs and their impact on information seeking behaviour

The existence of an information belief system is tested for the first time through innovative use of self moderated focus groups. Initial generation of information beliefs was achieved in an open, unpredicted and unbiased way through focus groups. To remove researcher effect and promote informality in discussion, the researcher experimented with a novel approach - self moderated focus groups. A detailed study of 5 groups evaluates their effectiveness in encouraging free and spontaneous discussion and in eliciting unique information ideas or beliefs. Results show that self moderated focus groups encourage naturalistic discourse, take unpredictable directions and are fertile in uncovering unexpected beliefs. Disadvantages include lack of consistency and leader mirroring, with members adopting the style and tone of volunteer moderators. Consideration should be given to gender balance in group composition. The method is recommended where open and free flowing discussion is sought.     

Understanding citizens' perception of government fiscal information through a survey experiment

State and local governments regularly disclose financial information to the public so that the current financial status of the government is recognized publicly. The purpose of such disclosure is to achieve accountability and inform citizens about governments' financial decisions. Despite the efforts to improve the accessibility and readability of financial information, we do not know whether and how the financial information is processed by citizens. This study investigates how citizens assess the financial condition of governments when different financial information is presented. We conduct an online survey experiment to understand how disclosed financial information shapes citizens' perceived level of a government's fiscal stress and their attitudes toward governments' revenue-raising strategies. We find that citizens prioritize the financial indicators that they are familiar with, such as debt and surplus ratios. While both historical and social reference points play an important role, social reference is more effective in influencing citizens' perception. We only find limited evidence to support the relationship between citizens' perception of fiscal stress and their support toward governments' decisions to raise revenues.     

The adonis experiment

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The modern information culture and information warfare

Information warfare is viewed as a social-information phenomenon in today’s world. Particular features of information warfare pursued in World 2.0 are defined. The emphasis is made on the role of a humanitarian tool, the information culture, which allows one to counter information warfare. The personal information culture and information culture of a society are defined. The importance of the development of the information culture in the higher education area is discussed.     

Social network analysis: An approach and technique for the study of information exchange

Social network analysis is an approach and set of techniques used to study the exchange of resources among actors (i.e., individuals, groups, or organizations). One such resource is information. Regular patterns of information exchange reveal themselves as social networks, with actors as nodes in the network and information exchange relationships as connectors between nodes. Just as roads structure the flow of resources among cities, information exchange relationships structure the flow of information among actors. Social network analysis assesses information opportunities for individuals or groups of individuals in terms of exposure to and control of information. By gaining awareness of existing information exchange routes, information providers can act on information opportunities and make changes to information routes to improve the delivery of information services.     

From cooperative to motivated information sharing in groups: moving beyond the hidden profile paradigm

Meta-analysis involves cumulating effects across studies in order to qualitatively summarize existing literatures. A recent finding suggests that the effect sizes reported in meta-analyses may be negatively correlated with study sample sizes. This prediction was tested with a sample of 51 published meta-analyses summarizing the results of 3,602 individual studies. The correlation between effect size and sample size was negative in almost 80 percent of the meta-analyses examined, and the negative correlation was not limited to a particular type of research or substantive area. This result most likely stems from a bias against publishing findings that are not statistically significant. The primary implication is that meta-analyses may systematically overestimate population effect sizes. It is recommended that researchers routinely examine the n–r scatter plot and correlation, or some other indication of publication bias and report this information in meta-analyses.     

The atomization of information

Electronic information may be transmitted over communications channels or distributed in electronic packages. New means of distribution lead to new forms of intellectual organization. Some implications for researchers, scholars, publishers, and libraries are discussed.     

The power of information: health information and UK agendas

The Department of Health published a new health information strategy in May 2012. The document provides a framework for health information in England over the next 10 years. Health information developments in England, however, do not mirror developments in other parts of the United Kingdom. This article is a personal reflection on the new health information strategy in England, including comparison with developments in the other UK nations.     

Access to information and privacy: The ten information commandments

We stand at the brink of remarkable developments in the thriving new technology of informatics both in the public and private sectors. Some of the developments are regulated by current law, but many of them are outside. Moreover, there are features of the new information technology which endanger the value of individual privacy, and many of these aspects are now well known. Nonetheless, we face a future likely to be increasingly pervaded by the technology of informatics. During the past decade or so, all of the advanced English-speaking democracies have made important legislative responses to the advance of informatics. Considering these responses, the future of information technology, and the consequential dangers, the author offers ten information commandments in the hope that those who have the knowledge and can see the problems will act responsibly and courageously in meeting the challenges ahead.     

The information needs and information seeking behaviour of family doctors

AIMS: To explore the information needs and information seeking behaviour of family doctors, identifying any differences in attitudes and behaviours deriving from membership of a training practice and investigating the impact of a practice librarian. METHODS: A case study of general practitioners (GPs) in Aylesbury Vale incorporated a quantitative study of use of the medical library, and two qualitative techniques, in-depth interviews and group discussions. RESULTS: A total of 58 GPs, almost three quarters of those in the Vale, participated; 19 via individual interviews and a further 39 via two group discussions. Family doctors are prompted to seek information by needs arising from a combination of professional responsibilities and personal characteristics. A need for problem-orientated information, related to the care of individual patients, was the predominant factor that prompted these GPs to seek information. Personal collections remain the preferred information resource; electronic sources rank second. The study demonstrated low use of the medical library. However, both vocational training and the employment of a practice librarian impacted on library use. CONCLUSIONS: The study illuminates the information needs and preferences of GPs and illustrates the contribution that librarians may make at practice level, indicating the importance of outreach work.