Kinetic Analysis of Second Fly of Men's Long Horse Handspring Tucked Salto with 720°

本文通过对我国部分优秀男子体操运动员跳马“前手翻团身前空翻     

Objectivity and Reliability of the 90° Push-Up Test

The purpose of this study was to determine the objectivity and stability reliability of the 90° push-up (90PU) test for elementary, high school (HS), and college-age students. One hundred fifty-six elementary and 70 HS students performed the 90PU test on 2 different days. Of those students, 49 elementary students were videotaped for the objectivity portion of the study. Eighty-four college students performed the 90PU on 2 different days, and each day they were scored by 2 to 4 judges. For the elementary girls and boys, the objectivity coefficients were .46 and .75, respectively, and the stability reliability coefficients ranged from .50 to .86 for the elementary and HS students. For the college students, the objectivity coefficients were between .16 and .91, with 6 of the 16 coefficients above .70. The reliability coefficients were between .22 and .87, with 5 of the 7 coefficients greater than .70. Several administration problems with the 90PU test were identified during the testing.     

‘Physical Education’s First Lady of the World’: Dorothy Sears Ainsworth and the International Association of Physical Education and Sport for Women and Girls

Abstract

Dorothy Sears Ainsworth has received wide acclaim for her pioneering efforts in international relations that enhanced collaboration among female physical educators in the decades following World War II. As Director of Physical Education for Women at Smith College (1926–1960), Ainsworth became a global figure, traveling extensively and organizing the first international conference on physical education for women and girls in Copenhagen in 1949. This resulted in the establishment of the International Association of Physical Education and Sport for Girls and Women (IAPESGW), today counting over 400 members from 45 different countries. In this paper we (re)consider the largely hagiographical accounts of Ainsworth’s career and re-examine her contributions to the international stage in light of her maternalist views on female sport and physicality. Indeed, women’s difference from men dominated the discourse of many international women’s movements at this time. We consider what IAPESGW’s long-term governance by primarily white and wealthy women may have meant in terms of the organization’s focus and globalizing efforts and conclude that though Ainsworth’s essentialist approach ignored earlier feminist sporting movements, and would not outlast the more progressive winds of change in the 1970s, neither should her early contributions to establishing bonds among female physical educators globally be minimized.     

The Statistics and Analysis of the Age Structure of Men＇s Basketball Players in the 11th National Games

运用文献资料和数理统计等方法,对参加第十一届全运会男篮决赛阶段144名运动员的年龄结构、攻守效能进行统计分析。结果表明：运动员年龄结构极不合理,比例失调,22岁以下运动员占总数的53.5%,29岁以上运动员仅占总人数的12.5%;运动员平均每场上场时间分别为23～28岁年龄段21min2s、29岁以上17min54s、22岁以下14min19s,三者差距明显。     

Effectiveness of the Slide and Cross-Over Steps In Volleyball Blocking—A Temporal Analysis

Abstract

Three initial step techniques for moving laterally are commonly used by middle blockers in volleyball. These three methods are (1) the slide step, (2) the cross-over step, and (3) the jab cross-over step. The purpose of the current investigation was to study the relationship between the three initial step techniques and selected time variables involved in the jumping and blocking action. Four criterion measures were extracted from film footage (100 frames/sec) using cinematographic data collection techniques. Six skilled volleyball players were used as subjects (3 men and 3 women). A split-split plot 3 (step method) × 2 (response direction) × 2 (sex) factorial design, with repeated measures on method and direction, were used to analyze the criterion measures. Results of the analysis revealed a clear relationship between step method and three of the time variables studied. Specifically, the cross-over steps (and in particular the jab cross-over) were observed to be superior to the slide step in terms of getting the athlete's body off the ground and into a blocking position quickly. While earlier investigations demonstrated that the slide step was superior in terms of getting from a middle blocking position to a floor switch mat (stationary target) it seems clear from the present investigation that the jab cross-over is superior in terms of actual jumping and blocking efficiency.     

The Legacy of the Games of the New Emerging Forces and Indonesia’s Relationship with the International Olympic Committee

Abstract

The Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO) often serve as an example of the entanglement of sport, Cold War politics and the Non-Aligned Movement in the 1960s. Indonesia as the initiator plays a salient role in the research on this challenge for the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The legacy of GANEFO and Indonesia’s further relationship with the IOC, however, has not yet drawn proper academic attention. This paper analyzes Indonesia’s interactions with the IOC until the present time, with a focus on the country’s involvement in sporting events under the patronage of the IOC (such as the Asian and Southeast Asian Games). In addition, two case studies demonstrate the variable relationship between the two actors. First, Indonesia only narrowly escaped sanctions over a dispute on the use of the Olympic logo in 2015. Yet, the country is named as host of the 2018 Asian Games, hence showing high ambitions to re-enter the international sports arena. These incidents illustrate the significance of conformity of local agencies towards the IOC with regard to political positions and power structures. The study opens the field to local – Asian – perspectives on interactions with the IOC.     

The Biomechanical Analysis of Equal Speed Centripetal Constringency in the Hipbone and Knee Joints＇ Bends and Stretches of Football and Speed Skating Athletes

以系统训练的足球和速滑运动员为研究对象,采用Cybex-Norm等速测力系统对运动员髋关节屈伸等速向心收缩的力学测试,探讨两项目运动员髋关节在不同速度下屈伸的力学特征规律与不同,为运动员的科学训练和选材等提供理论依据。     

An Analysis of Controlling the Ball and Dictating the Ball at Beijing Olympics＇ Final Eight Men Basketball Teams

通过文献法、专家访谈法、数据分析法、视频分析法等方法,对2008年北京奥运会男子篮球八强比赛进行数据视频分析,并对后卫控制球、支配球相关数据进行统计,将八强主力后卫进行对比分析。研究结论如下：当今优秀后卫在技术能力和身体素质能力方面上均体现出更住全面的特点,技术方面运用更为合理,攻击性更加均衡、对比赛掌控能力更加稳定。中国队的后卫在控制球上跟其他国家相比,在推进时间和控制球时间上要多于其他七支球队,制约进攻效率。中国队主力后卫在总传球数争助攻数上成功率较低,投篮命中率低于其他七支球队。传球次数少、助攻次数少、投篮命中率低、直接影响后卫队员的进攻效果,也直接体现后卫队员在比赛中掌控局势的能力,综合分析中国队后卫队员在控制球和支配球能力方面还有待提高。     

Analysis of the Wuhan Teams＇ Technical and Tactical Characteristics in Chinese Football League 2011 Season

通过对湖北队在2011年甲级联赛中比赛情况的分析,结合队伍所有场次的技术统计数据,根据运动员的个人特点、队伍自身的技战术传统以及2011年我国足球甲级联赛的具体情况,对湖北队在本年度所表现出来的攻防特点进行分析研究。以期能总结湖北队的技战术特点规律,希望能为湖北职业足球的发展提供借鉴。     

The creatine content of Creatine Serum™ and the change in the plasma concentration with ingestion of a single dose

Three samples of Creatine Serum? ATP Advantage from Muscle Marketing USA, Inc. were assayed for creatine by two different techniques by four independent laboratories, and for creatinine by two different techniques by two laboratories. A further sample was assayed for phosphorylcreatine. Dry weight and total nitrogen were also analysed. Six male volunteers ingested in random order, over 3 weeks: (A) water; (B) 2.5?g creatine monohydrate (Cr?·?H₂O) in solution; and (C) 5?ml Creatine Serum? (reportedly containing an equivalent amount of Cr?·?H₂O). Blood samples were collected before and up to 8?h after each treatment and plasma was analysed for creatine and creatinine. Eight-hour urine samples were analysed for creatine. Ingestion of 2.5?g creatine monohydrate in solution resulted in a significant increase in plasma creatine (from 59.1±11.8?μmol?·?l^?1 to 245.3±74.6?μM μmol?·?l^?1; mean±s) and urinary creatine excretion. No increase in plasma or urinary creatine or creatinine was found on ingestion of Creatine Serum? or water. Analysis showed 5?ml of Creatine Serum? to contain <10?mg Cr?·?H₂O and approximately 90?mg creatinine. Phosphorylcreatine was not detectable and only a trace amount of phosphorous was present. Total nitrogen analysis ruled out significant amounts of other forms of creatine. We conclude that the trace amounts of creatine in the product would be too little to affect the muscle content even with multiple dosing.     

‘A Different Kind of Test Match’: Cricket,English Society and the First World War

This paper uses cricket as an analytical tool for investigating developments in English society at the time of the First World War. It firstly explores contemporary attitudes to how cricket responded to the outbreak of war, making comparison with the experiences of other sports. It is shown that the fact cricketers enlisted in their thousands, allied to conspicuous attempts by the cricket authorities to support the war effort, largely deflected the kind of criticism that was heaped upon other sports. This paper then considers the role played by cricket in shaping the wartime experiences of both civilians in England and members of the armed forces serving in areas of conflict. It is demonstrated that contemporaries believed that cricket provided respite from the war and boosted morale. This study lastly considers the insights that cricket reveals about the impact of the war upon society, demonstrating that the evidence offered up by the game suggests that rather than breaking down social divisions of Edwardian-era England, the war in fact reinforced societal stratification as the anxieties imposed by the conflict led people to seek comfort from established structures.     

Football’s First Free Kick: Demography and the Media – How and Why Australia Got a Game of Its Own

There have been numerous attempts to explain why the precocious code of football that started as a game played under Melbourne Club rules devised in 1859 became the dominant form in Victoria and the most influential in Australia, while Association football (soccer) had little impact until the second half of the twentieth century. In this article, attention is directed at some demographic features that have not been addressed in the literature and on the journalists who helped shape public perceptions of this form of the game. For the first 20 years after the codification of this unique football there was virtually no inward migration into Victoria, so the domestic game had its first free kick with few foreigners with different ideas of how the game should be played to disturb its establishment. Furthermore, the journalists who shaped the ideas of the readership of the Victorian newspapers had little or no knowledge of the forms of football played in Victoria prior to 1855, and their unconscious or conscious imperialism helped secure the pre-eminence of the new code.     

Amid Progress and Wilderness: Early Reception of Georges Hébert’s Naturist Ideas in Brazil During the First Half of the Twentieth Century

Abstract

This paper aims at analyzing how Hébert’s naturist ideas were received and assimilated in Brazil based on the perusal of sources such as Azevedo (1915, 1920, 1931), Miranda (1945) as well as some broadsheets and periodicals, for example Correio da Manhã, O Paiz, Gazeta de Noticias, and Fon-Fon! (1913–1928). Furthermore, it investigates by what means Hébert’s conception of nature integrated the mindset of Brazilian sanitarians in the first half of the twentieth century. Evidence suggests that there must have been some intertwinement of points of view that brought together Hebert’s Natural Method and the French Naturist Perspective at the time of the arrival of the latter in Brazil. Hébert’s thoughts on the concept of Nature reached Brazil early in the 1910s, and were incorporated in the shaping of a new approach to therapeutic treatments focused on preserving the patient’s welfare. As a result, this study has enabled us to properly understand the reception of Hébert’s works in Brazil, and come to terms with the historical connection between French gymnastic practices based on the Natural Method and their subsequent acclimatized Brazilian variants.     

Influence of single‐leg training on muscle metabolism and endurance during exercise with the trained limb and the untrained limb

We have previously shown that single‐leg training results in improved endurance for exercise with the untrained leg (UTL) as well as for exercise with the trained leg (TL). The purpose of this study was to see whether the improved endurance of the untrained leg could be explained on the basis of changes in muscle metabolism. Exercise time to exhaustion at 80% of maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) was determined for each leg separately, pre‐ and post‐training. Muscle metabolite concentrations were measured pre‐ and post‐training in biopsy samples obtained immediately before this endurance test and at the pre‐training point of exhaustion (END1). After six weeks of single‐leg training endurance time was increased for both the UTL and the TL (UTL 34.0+16.4 min vs 97.9±26.3 min, P<0.01; TL 28.3 + 10.1 min vs 169.0 + 32.6 min, P < 0.01). No changes in muscle metabolite concentrations were found in resting muscle. Training increased muscle ATP (P <0.05) and glycogen (P <0.01) concentrations and decreased muscle lactate concentration (P<0.05) in the TL at END1. No significant changes in muscle metabolite concentrations were found for the UTL. The improved endurance of the contralateral limb after single‐leg training could not be explained on the basis of changes in muscle metabolism.     

The 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm – The First Meeting of the Highly Trusted Men and What Happened to Them Since

At the Olympic Games in Stockholm in 1912, Johannes Sigfrid Edström, Avery Brundage, Carl Diem and Karl Ritter von Halt met each other for the first time and started to cooperate afterwards. From the 1930s they all played a very important role in IOC and in the Olympic System (I prefer system instead of movement). The article examines the role of the network in the international discussion about the Olympic Games in Berlin in 1936, the networks perceptions of the Jews and their cooperation with the Nazis, the networks importance for the denazification of Karl Ritter von Halt after the Second World War and the influence in IOC to West Germany and East Germany during the Cold War until the 1972 Olympics when East Germany participated for the first time as a sovereign state and Avery Brundage resigned as president of the IOC.     

'It's Only the Sissies …': Analysis of Teaching and Learning Processes in Physical Education: A Contribution to the Hidden Curriculum

The article is a discussion and an analysis of an event observed in a critical classroom study on teaching and learning in physical education. It demonstrates how sociocultural discourses are embedded in children's and teachers' discursive practices [Fairclough (1992) Discourse and Social Change (Cambridge, Polity Press)] in the classroom, how discourses of physical education and discourses of gender relations are connected, and how these construct and are constructed by the social structures of the physical education lesson, and influence students' learning. Using the notion of situated learning [Lave & Wenger (1991) Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press); Wenger (1998) Community of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)], the paper analyses how discourses in the physical education setting influence children's learning processes, and points to the different meanings the discursive practices observed in the classroom have for the girls as compared to the boys. This analysis allows for some concluding comments on learning and the hidden curriculum in physical education.     

Exploring the Possibility of Liu Xiang＇s Winning in the 2012 London Olympic Games——An illustration on the Technical Analysis of Liu Xiang and Robles in the 60 Meters Hurdles Finals in Birmingham

运用信息技术为主要研究方法,对刘翔与罗伯斯在伯明翰的60m栏室内赛的时间特征进行了比较分析。研究显示：刘翔八步改七步上栏成效尽显,比赛虽＂胶着＂但仍以明显优势取胜并独占世界短跨项目的第一集团。同时还指出：短距离速度性项目反应时固然重要,但非决定性因素;刘翔如果反应时能提高到罗伯斯的水平,并且七步上栏技术更为成熟,那么刘翔2012伦敦奥运会夺冠的可能性将会很大甚至再次打破110m栏世界纪录。     

Lacrosse History,a History of One Sport or Two? A Comparative Analysis of Men's Lacrosse and Women's Lacrosse in the United States

Men's lacrosse and women's lacrosse share a name, but their histories differ. Both sports developed and became organised in close concert with the race, class and gender expectations of the eras. As a result, the sports began with rules that reflected those norms. Over time, the sports developed separately and generated unique forms, even as they sustained moments of interaction. Therefore, men's lacrosse and women's lacrosse are different sports. Using comparisons as the mode through which to view the sports, this article explores the organised beginnings of men's lacrosse and women's lacrosse to establish that the sports began and continued within identity-based norms. Through the discussion of the practical distinctions and critical understandings of the differences between the games, the author poses that these dissimilarities are relevant in considerations of the separate sports as they continue to change in the larger US sporting context. As sports such as basketball demonstrate, these arguments matter because broad-scale comparisons of women's sports to men's frequently render women's sport participants, and the sports they play, inferior. Notably, women's lacrosse participants also employed comparisons to distinguish and claim their history as unique from that of men's lacrosse. A comparative analysis highlights points of disjuncture between the sports and contextualises the importance of gender in the articulations of difference.