刍议旧志《列女传》中的客家妇女形象——以乾隆《汀州府志》为研究视角

客家妇女的形象历来受到专家学者的高度赞赏。列女,作为封建社会中妇女的楷模,则集中、典型地体现了客家妇女的传统美德。本文着重考察乾隆《汀州府志》中的《列女传》,试图从列女这一特殊女性群体视角来加深对客家妇女形象的认识。     

论宋代列女的特质

列女以贞洁为根本，她们是封建社会中妇女教化的楷模。宋代列女的时代特征非常鲜明。首先宋代列女呈现出两大反向走势：一是列女为丈夫殉死，这是一个非常盲目愚昧的误区；二是列女开始追求自强独立的人生价值。其次，死于战乱暴力的列女在《宋史·列女传》中也屡有记载，由此可窥见宋代的乱世特征。此外，妓女附在《列女传》中，体现出封建社会对女性价值取向的悖谬     

试论明朝中前期宣府镇列女群体的特点

明朝是产生节妇烈女的高峰朝代。《宣府镇志》记载的列女群体受边镇豪侠尚武风气及文化教育不够发达等因素影响,呈现出军烈属多、寿考不一等特点,映射出明朝中前期边镇列女的群体生存状态和价值取向。     

清代闽西客家地区列女群现象分析——以乾隆《汀州府志》记载为例

自宋代起,由于特殊的社会历史机缘,闽西一隅一直深受宋明理学的影响。及至清代,伴随理学贞节观的极端化发展思潮,闽西地区礼教之风更是严肃,出现了包括节妇、烈妇、贞女、烈女、义妇在内的庞大的列女群体。文章对乾隆《汀州府志》中的列女群体进行分类,并在此基础上勾勒其命运的基本轨迹,以期正确看待这一特殊社会群体所蕴含的历史文化意义。     

明清正定府县列女构成及对当时社会的影响——以《乾隆正定府志》记载为主

明清时期封建专制统治达到顶峰,对封建礼教也越发推崇。在此背景下,女性承受来自各方面的压力,尤其是在男尊女卑的等级制度下,女性处于劣势地位。依据《乾隆正定府志》中对明清时期正定列女类型、守节的起始时间、守节时长、寿命、守节方式等分析可知,明清妇女失去丈夫后,在贞节观念、妇德教育、政府旌表奖励、社会动荡、家庭因素下,大多数妇女有"节"或者"烈"的行为。在守节的过程中,列女表现出吃苦耐劳、勇敢无畏、孝顺公婆、抚育子女成才等优良品质,这有利于家庭关系的改善,良好社会风尚的形成,对社会具有一定的导向作用。但是,在提倡"男尊女卑"的社会下,列女受到封建社会思想的禁锢,表现出的一些迷信消极行为应受到批判。     

庄日荣纂《沧州志·列女》撰录主题的时代局限性——与西汉刘向《列女传》对比

西汉刘向编纂的《列女传》是我国第一部女性人物传记集.该书的撰录主题分为母仪、贤明、仁智、贞顺、节义、辩通、孽嬖七类.后世正史自《晋书》以后均设列女内容,绝大部分地方志也效仿.随着中国社会的变迁,尤其是妇女地位的变化,女性传记撰录的主题也随社会潮流而发生变化,其趋势是,女性社会地位越来越低,被约束得越来越紧,女性传记的主题则日趋逼仄.庄日荣等纂修的《沧州志·列女》就呈现出这种明显的时代局限性.     

理学贞节观的强化与传播——清代闽西客家地区列女群骤兴的原因探析

清代,闽西地区列女群现象骤然兴起。官方的奖励和家庭的教育固然是导致这一现象产生的原因之一,但理学贞节观的强化及广泛传播当是其一个更为深刻的促成因素。自宋代起,由于特殊的社会历史机缘,闽西一隅一直深受宋明理学的影响。及至清代,伴随理学贞节观的极端化发展思潮,闽西地区礼教之风更是严肃,由此出现了包括节妇、烈妇、贞女、烈女在内的庞大的列女群体。     

明代华北战乱等暴力因素与节烈妇女的形成

明代贞节观是中国历史上最强的时期,明代华北节烈现象与其他地方相比尤为突出。明代华北地区已经出现了列女群这样一个特殊群体。她们的形成与分布有其自身特点,烈女的形成战乱因素据主导。     

中国古代列女社会公益初探

列女是传统礼教的践行者,是封建统治者期许的楷模,这也是我们对列女最传统最熟悉的形象。但她们除传统的礼教标杆、操持家务、扶幼养老等家庭功能外,其有限但客观存在的社会功能亦不容忽视,参与社会公益、社会慈善是其社会功能的重要体现。     

试论《列女传》的人物形象

刘向<列女传>塑造了一系列异彩纷呈的女性形象:诸如教子有方、匡夫以道的贤妻良母;心系国家、忧国忧民的爱国女子;仁智聪慧、能言善辩的才智女子等,极大丰富了我国古代妇女形象的画廊,从而有力驳斥了"列女"是谓"烈女"的无稽之论.     

体育选项课与大学生体质健康水平的相关研究

运用文献资料法、数理统计法、测试法等,对大学生参加选项课前后的体质健康指标进行了测试和比较,结果显示选项课学习之前,学生的体质健康水平存在不均衡性特点;女生群体中,排球、体育舞蹈、健美操3个组的学生体质健康水平好于太极拳组;男生群体中,篮球组学生的体质健康水平好于太极拳和乒乓球组的学生。经过1年的选项课学习后,女生群体中,健美操组的体质健康状况得到明显改善;男生群体中,足球组的体质健康状况得到了明显提高,而男女生太极拳组学生的体质健康状况均有明显下降。     

广东省年龄组游泳比赛运动员等级达标现状分析

通过最新颁布的《游泳运动员技术等级标准》对广东省年龄组游泳比赛运动员成绩进行衡量和比较分析,从中分析广东省年龄组游泳运动员整体水平的现状.对三组不同等级达标数据分析广东省年龄组女运动员的整体水平比男运动员优秀,从11～12岁组开始男女运动员成绩水平出现差异.     

南京地区610名公务员骨密度的年龄和性别特征分析

以南京地区610名公务员为研究对象,使用Sonost 2000超声骨密度仪测试受试者跟骨骨质状态的T值、Z值、骨强度指数、骨折风险等指标。结果显示:男、女性同性别40～50岁年龄组的骨密度状态指标中的T值、骨强度指数和骨折风险,与30～40岁年龄组均有显著差异(P<0.05或P<0.01),男性50～60岁年龄组的Z值的绝对值明显小于其他年龄组(P<0.01);同年龄组男、女性在各指标上均无显著性差异(P>0.05),男性各项骨密度指标值均优于同龄组女性。研究男、女性公务员骨密度的衰减明显期,可为其提高骨密度或防止骨密度衰减提供适宜的干预时机。     

女性意识的增长与女性词选的出现——宋、明人选录女性词人的定量分析

词选对女性词人的选录在中国女性词史乃至整个女性文学史上都具有不可忽视的意义。宋人词选中,李清照词备受青睐和关注,但女性词人群体整体上处于被遮蔽的状态;明代中后期,随着女性词坛的活跃与词选家女性意识的增长,女性词人群体受到关注,出现了第一部女性词选《名媛诗纬初编诗余集》,其编者王端淑关注本朝的女性词创作,并且着意提升女性作家的文学地位,这一演进历程颇堪玩味。     

Benefits of turning the illustrations in a narrated slideshow into cartoons: An extension of the positivity principle

What is the effect on students' learning of converting a narrated slideshow with simple line drawings (original group) into one in which the key elements are rendered as colorful cartoon-like characters (cartoon group)? We conducted two between-subjects experiments in which the narrator's voice in both groups was a computer-generated female happy voice in Experiment 1 or a real female happy voice in Experiment 2. The cartoon group scored higher on a transfer posttest than the original group in both experiments. On subsequent questionnaires, the cartoon group reported feeling more positive (i.e., happy and content) during learning than the original group (in Experiment 1 and the combined experiments); and reported that the instructor was more engaging, better at facilitating learning, and more human-like (in Experiment 2 and the combined experiments). The results are consistent with the positivity principle, which predicts better learning from lessons in which key elements induce positive emotions.     

The portrayal of minorities and women in selected elementary science series

The purpose of this study was to determine the quantitative and qualitative portrayal of females and minorities in the illustrations of seven contemporary elementary science textbook series. An evaluation instrument was devised to determine the current status of the targeted groups. Illustrations were evaluated on the basis of minority/nonminority and male/female repesentation. The activity and assumed role of the individuals were also tabulated. More than 5900 human illustrations were evaluated. The results reveal that female children as a group are represented with greater frequency than are other child groups. Minority children are represented less often than nonminority children and female and minority adults are depicted less often than nonminority male adults. The textbooks evaluated in this study display science positively for most societal groups. However, minorities are underrepresented and illustrated in a limited number of career roles. Implications and suggestions for teachers, supervisors, and teacher educators are provided.     

团体心理辅导对提高女大学生职业决策自我效能的有效性研究

为探讨团体心理辅导对女大学生职业决策自我效能的影响,选取湖南女子大学56名大一女生为被试（实验组与对照组各28人）,对实验组进行为期8周的团体心理辅导,对照组则处于常态。用职业决策自我效能量表（CDMSE）和焦虑自评量表（SAS）在干预前后进行评估。结果为：干预前,两组CDMSE、SAS评分差异不显著。干预后,CDMSE评分上,实验组＂自我评价＂、＂选择目标＂、＂制订规划＂三个维度得分高于对照组;SAS评分上,实验组低于对照组。研究表明：职业生涯团体心理辅导可以有效地提高女大学生的职业决策自我效能水平,降低焦虑程度。     

Gender issues in the university research environment

Recruiting and retaining females within science, engineering and technology continues to challenge many European higher education institutions. This study looks at female self-perceptions relating to effective research work and career progression. Focus groups are used to examine the attitudes and experiences of females and a questionnaire is used to explore perceptions in four main skills areas: group work; communication; personal awareness; project planning and management. The study indicates consistent female concerns on issues pertaining to effective female role models, negative work-role stereotypes and the work–life balance of an academic career. For all four skills areas, the average confidence scores of the female participants fell below those of males, but these differences were only statistically significant for perceptions on group work and communication skills and prior to an intense skills development course. Based on these findings, a student workshop on gender issues has been developed, an outline of which is presented.     

不同等级健美操锻炼对女大学生心肺功能的影响

为了利于女大学生针对性地选择等级健美操,改善心肺功能,科学健身,以三明学院2007级健美操选修班36名女大学生为研究对象,并随机分为3组,分别进行三级、四级、五级3个等级健美操锻炼,锻炼时间16周。采用心肺功能测试仪器对实验前后的3组女大学生的心肺功能指标进行测试,对测试结果进行对比T检验。研究结果表明,3个等级的健美操均能提高女大学生的心肺功能,在科学范围的强度内,健美操等级越高,对提高女大学生的心肺功能效果越明显。     

Evaluation of a technique to introduce the use of software in chemical engineering

The authors describe a teaching technique to introduce students of the last two courses of chemical engineering studies to the use of extensive software to simulate chemical processes, using a personal computer and a conventional audiovisual room instead of a mainframe. This teaching technique is analysed through the students' answers to a 22-item Likert-type questionnaire. A general analysis is given for two groups exposed to different class time. The group exposed to the long period was more positive about the teaching process. In both groups, analysis showed that the women evaluate the teaching technique more favourably than men. Gender differences were also found in the item analysis. The results show that the female subgroup scored positively all items for the long period group and was more adaptable to the new teaching situation.