让儿童意识到成人的问题是"问题"

道德教育直接指向的是儿童作为成长者、行动者的完整生活,它是以儿童的现实生活为基础的.道德教育对儿童生活的这种强调,并非为了摒弃教育的社会改造功能,而是藉由儿童的社会生活而正视由成人所主导的社会环境,并通过增强儿童对社会生活的自觉意识,提高他们对社会环境的价值敏感性,培养他们在社会实践中的行动能力,从而达到改造社会的目的.     

Problem Solving Academic Workloads Management: A University Response1

Universities are challenged to maintain a work environment where academic staff fulfil traditional academic duties while responding to a diverse student population, a competitive research environment, and an escalation of administrative tasks within an accountability‐based climate. This paper analyses the development and implementation of a workloads policy at a New Zealand university through a joint university management and staff union initiative. The workloads policy was built on the principles of equity, transparency, reasonableness, safety and acceptability to staff. The integrity and effectiveness of adoption is evaluated through analyses of work requirements, workloads models and the findings from case studies of implementation by six diverse units from across the university. Based on our evaluation, we highlight aspects of the policy and procedures that have promise and suggest modifications where particular processes and outcomes fell short of stated goals for institutional change.     

一道最值题及其推广的向量解法

文[1]利用均值不等式给出一类最值问题的通解,并将该类问题作了进一步推广.本文通过构造合适的向量,给出该问题及其推广的一种更为简洁的求法.     

A Response to the Proposed Paradigm: Freedom Runs Through It

Freedom, conceived as self‐determination, control, and agency, has been put forth as the central purpose of a paradigm to bring together the specialties of the counseling profession, integrate the many theories, and usher in a wave of potentially powerful techniques from Asian psychologies. It remains to be seen how the foci of the specialties would change, if at all, in this paradigm; however, the unique contributions of each theory may be better appreciated. Research should be undertaken to better understand the efficacy of these new but ancient techniques.     

浮点数操作时出现的问题及解决方法

本文讨论了C语言中的多维浮点数组 ,含有浮点成员的结构体数组在访问时所发现的问题 ,同时也给出了解决的办法 .     

从“应用题”到“解决问题”——小学数学解决问题的教育价值与教学研究

从应用题到解决问题,这绝不仅是名称上的变化.弄清楚这其中变化的实质,有助于我们更好地继承应用题教学宝贵的、成功的经验,也有助于我们更好地开展解决问题的教学.该文立足于应用题和解决问题的内涵,探讨解决问题的教育价值,并结合当今小学数学教学实际,提出了解决问题的教学建议.     

Interpersonal Problem Solving : A Selective Literature Review to Guide Practice

Increasing evidence exists of the need for school professionals to be proficient in interpersonal problem solving. With the intention of providing information on how to solve a problem, literature on interpersonal problem-solving skills from various disciplines is reviewed and summarized. The review indicates that the interpersonal problem-solving process consists of five stages: (a) problem identification, (b) generation of alternate solutions, (c) decision making, (d) implementation of the solution, and (e) evaluation of the outcomes. Suggestions for carrying out each stage are enumerated. Concerns regarding the empirical base of the interpersonal problem solving literature are raised.     

设谜与解谜——重新解读罗亭形象

屠格涅夫是最早提倡作者从小说中隐去的作家之一,正是这种创作观念,使他在罗亭形象的塑造中隐藏了自己的声音,构造了罗亭的性格之谜。文章探讨了屠格涅夫设谜的方式,并根据小说中一些重要的提示和细节,对罗亭形象作了新的解读。笔者认为罗亭形象的本质特征是理性活动与感性活动的脱节,这一特征足以涵盖罗亭性格的各个侧面,从而解决长期以来罗亭形象评论中的各种分歧。文章还指出了罗亭形象与康德哲学的联系。     

Multimedia Effect in Problem Solving: A Meta-Analysis

Pictures are commonly used to represent problems. However, it is unclear how the addition of pictures affects students’ problem-solving performance. The multimedia effect in problem solving describes the phenomenon whereby an individual’s problem-solving performance is enhanced when equivalent pictures are added to illustrate or replace part of the problem text. Using meta-analytic techniques, this study sought to determine the overall size of the multimedia effect in problem solving and the possible boundary conditions (k = 51; N = 38,987; Range n = 10 – 31,842; Median n = 63). The results showed a significant small-to-medium multimedia effect size on response accuracy (Hedges’s g = 0.32) and a significant medium-to-large multimedia effect size on students’ response certainty (Hedges’s g = 0.74), but no significant multimedia effect on response time. The results for the effects of decorative pictures were not sufficient for a reliable interpretation. Representational (Hedges’s g = 0.24) and organizational (Hedges’s g = 0.52) pictures had a significant and positive impact on response accuracy, but informational or multiple pictures across studies did not have a significant aggregate effect on an individual’s response accuracy. These findings suggest that the multimedia effect in problem solving is diverse and limited by multiple boundary conditions. Further primary studies are needed to further investigate the multimedia effect in problem solving.

     

一种求解背包问题的离散和声搜索算法

为利用和声搜索算法求解0-1背包问题,针对和声搜索的离散化技术和二进制编码的特点,借鉴遗传算子改进新和声的生成方式及微调方式,并基于贪心策略设计和声修正过程,提出了一种离散化的和声搜索算法.数值实验表明,与其它常用的智能算法相比,该算法在求解质量上具有较大优势,对大规模的背包问题效果也很明显.     

语文教学第一步:认真钻研教材

我国著名教育家叶圣陶先生多次指出,语文教材是开展教学的“例子”和“凭借”。为此,我们必须十分重视钻研教材,充分利用这些经过反复论证和精选的、文质兼美的例子和凭借,通过科学有效的教学活动,让学生真正读懂并学会写作同类的篇章。然而,只要我们作一番仔细的观察就会发现,在以往和当今的基础阶段语文教学中,存在着一个很大的误区,那就是有相当数量的中小学语文教师在备课时,并没有把认真钻研教材摆到重要的位置,而是过多地依赖教学参考书。我们在参加各地的中学教学研讨活动时,常常会碰到一个奇怪现象,不同学校的不同教师教授相同的课…     

智能时代的劳动教育:何以必要与如何可能

智能时代仍然呼唤劳动教育,智能化技术会取代部分劳动岗位,但不能代替全部职位;同时还会倒逼产生新的劳动岗位;无论社会如何发展,劳动将永恒存在.智能化时代的劳动教育具有全新的功能价值,是培养"完整的人"的基本途径;树立劳动幸福感的必由之路;激发创新能力的重要路径.面对这一趋势,智能时代的劳动教育亟需从理念、内容和方法上进行转型重构.要理念先行,明晰智能时代劳动教育的立场;要以内容为王,构建发展的劳动课程教材体系;要加强方法转型,善于运用技术优化劳动教学模式.     

Cognitive Variables in Problem Solving: A Nonlinear Approach

We employ tools of complexity theory to examine the effect of cognitive variables, such as working-memory capacity, degree of field dependence–independence, developmental level and the mobility–fixity dimension. The nonlinear method correlates the subjects rank-order achievement scores with each cognitive variable. From the achievement scores in organic-synthesis problems of various mental demands, rank-order sequences of the subjects, according to their scores, were generated, and in the place of each subject, his/her score was replaced by the value of the corresponding cognitive variable. Then each sequence was mapped onto a one-dimensional random walk, and when treated as a dynamic flow, was found to possess fractal geometry, with characteristics depending on the complexity of the problem. The findings were interpreted using concepts from complexity theory, such as order, correlation exponents, and entropy. The method provides meaningful results and adds to the understanding of information processing and the role of cognitive variables within the frame of predictive models in problem solving. Although the method is applied to a particular kind of problems (chemical, organic-synthesis problems), it can be generalized to other problems, not only in chemistry, but also in other sciences and in mathematics. Finally, the educational implications are discussed.     

Facilitating Flexible Problem Solving: A Cognitive Load Perspective

The development of flexible, transferable problem-solving skills is an important aim of contemporary educational systems. Since processing limitations of our mind represent a major factor influencing any meaningful learning, the acquisition of flexible problem-solving skills needs to be based on known characteristics of our cognitive architecture in order to be effective and efficient. This paper takes a closer look at the processes involved in the acquisition of flexible problem-solving skills within a cognitive load framework. It concludes that (1) cognitive load theory can benefit from putting more emphasis on generalized knowledge structures; (2) there are tradeoffs between generality and power with respect to specific versus generalized knowledge structures; (3) generalized knowledge structures of “medium” generality are essential for flexible expertise; and (4) cognitive load theory could provide a valuable framework for considering essential attributes of flexible expertise.     

Exploring Reading Instructional Decisions Through a Reflective Activity: A First Step in the Change Process

This article describes a reflective activity that may be used by teacher educators and educational consultants to help teachers identify factors that influence their reading instructional decisions as a first step to educational change. The reflective activity consists of two parts: developing individual concept webs and writing narrative details that explain the webs. Seventy-five elementary school teachers completed the activity. Through the use of a modified constant comparative method, four core categories of factors were found to influence reading instructional decisions: professional controls, significant others, teacher uniqueness, and professional development. Excerpts from teacher narratives illustrate the four categories. Implications for using the reflective activity to facilitate educational change are presented.     

用对称法解一竞赛题

本文就"对称法"解答物理问题作了阐述,并运用其解答竞赛试题,有一定参考意义。     

如何看待学生解题过程中的错误

从学生解题错误的现象出发,分析错误原因,提出减少错误的方法,从而阐明了如何正确对待学生在解题过程中出现的错误的问题。     

《语言机能:是什么,谁拥有, 怎样进化而来?》述评

本文指出,对语言机能的解释需要跨多学科知识的共同运用,跳出了原来语言范围的狭窄领域.HCF对语言机能(FL)做出了新的分类(FLB和FLN)和解释,提出了新的假设(仅FLN为人类特有).在此基础上,HCF进一步指出语言机能的进化可能不是出于语言的原因,递归性有可能存于动物的其他机能之中,由于其扩展而为语言所用.此观点为语言机能的研究提供了更广阔的思路、方法和领域.     

Fostering Authentic Problem Seeking: A Step Toward Social Justice Engagement

Because of these learners’ potential as future leaders, it is imperative that educators develop gifted students’ ability to identify and solve complex social justice problems. Nourishing students’ affective traits, including empathy for others, understanding of themselves, and the ability to connect to others in local and global society, will help students to recognize and seek out authentic problems. This article examines the nuances around the creative problem-solving process and how educators can infuse the curriculum with opportunities to develop and strengthen the skills students need to become engaged, real-world problem seekers, as we call it, and problem solvers. Through the combination of social justice issues and creative problem seeking, students can be motivated to engage with the community and promote positive change in the world.